During national emergencies, IEEPA gives the executive the power to “investigate, block during the pendency of an investigation, regulate, direct and compel, nullify, void, prevent or prohibit” a range of financial actions, including importation and exportation of property subject to the jurisdiction of the United States. The president must declare the emergency to Congress and publish it in the Federal Register and must subsequently report every six months on the actions taken to alleviate the emergency. Trump invoked IEEPA, among other authorities, to impose new tariffs on goods imports from China, Mexico, and Canada.

Historically, the majority of actions under IEEPA have been directed at blocking foreign transactions or freezing assets, and the use of IEEPA to levy import tariffs is unprecedented. The closest precedent is President Richard Nixon’s imposition of tariffs in 1971 under the Trading with the Enemy Act, which IEEPA amended in 1977. From 1977 to 2022, presidents have invoked IEEPA for sixty-seven different national emergencies.

Section 301 of the Trade Act of 1974 gives the US Trade Representative (USTR) the authority to investigate foreign trade practices that violate trade agreements or disadvantage US commerce. If an investigation affirms unfair foreign trade practices, the executive branch can then respond with a range of trade measures, including suspending or withdrawing the benefits of a trade agreement, including the imposition of import tariffs.

This investigation process can begin with a petition that any person can file, or USTR itself will initiate a case. USTR must request consultations with the foreign government in question to attempt to address the grievances. A “Section 301 Committee,” which is part of the Trade Policy Staff Committee (TPSC), reviews the petitions and conducts public hearings, to then report findings and provide recommendations to the TPSC. The USTR must make a determination within twelve months after an investigation begins but can make a determination earlier. Section 301 tariffs expire after four years unless USTR decides to extend them.

Section 232 of the Trade Expansion Act of 1962 gives the Commerce Department the authority to investigate if the quantity or circumstances of specific imports are a risk to national security. If the investigation finds there is a risk, the president must then respond and can do so by imposing tariffs or quotas. National security risks are defined broadly and can include a projected future risk to capacity or defense capabilities.

While any interested party can initiate a Section 232 investigation, the president, agency heads, or Commerce itself have initiated investigations (although this method has been little used until the previous Trump administration). Commerce has 270 days to report to the president on whether the imports pose a national security risk, but, in some cases, Commerce will complete the report more quickly. There is no termination date at which Section 232 actions expire.