On June 6, 1982, Israel, seeking to relieve pressure on its northern borders by dismantling the Palestine Liberation Organization’s base of operation, invaded Lebanon, a country beset by civil war and Syrian occupation.
Soon thereafter, France, Italy and the United States formed a multinational force to help stabilize the country — as differing factions of Arabs and Christians as well as the Israelis and Syrians were in a tangled web of conflict — and allow PLO fighters to leave the country. The PLO withdrawal was completed by August 30, and the MNF departed on September 10, but the story did not end there.
The MNF failed to stabilize Lebanon. President-elect Bashir Gemayel was killed in his Phalange party headquarters on September 14. In the days that followed, Israeli forces stood by as Lebanese Phalangists massacred Palestinians in the Sabra and Shatila refugee camps, an act of retribution for the assassination of Gemayel, which may, in fact, have been undertaken by pro-Syrian forces.
A few days later, Bashir’s brother Amin was elected president, and the MFN re-entered Beirut. On October 23, 1983, a suicide bomber drove a truck into the U.S. Marine barracks at the Beirut airport, and France’s barracks also were struck by a suicide bomb — 241 U.S. servicemen and nearly 60 French soldiers were killed. It was the single bloodiest day for the Marines since the battle of Iwo Jima in 1945.
Between December 1983 and February 1984, U.S. battleships retaliated against combatants who had targeted the MNF. The USS New Jersey undertook a relentless counterattack against Syrian and Druze forces, shooting its 16-inch guns for the first time since the Vietnam War. By April, the entire MNF, which the United Kingdom had joined, had left Lebanon. The civil war continued until 1990.
President Reagan supported Secretary of State George Shultz’s arguments in favor of U.S. diplomacy and peacekeeping in Lebanon. But in Weinberger’s view, Lebanon was the wrong fight for the United States. In a speech on November 28, 1984, he articulated his six principles for future U.S. military engagements:
(1) There should be no commitment of U.S. forces abroad unless there is a clear and vital interest for the United States or its allies; (2) Combat, if agreed upon, should be undertaken with the intention of military victory, using whatever forces and resources are needed to achieve that goal; (3) Political and military objectives must be clearly defined before entering a conflict; (4) The relationship between military means and diplomatic, military, and political objectives “must be continually reassessed and adjusted if necessary,” not just established at the beginning of the military engagement; (5) No battle is worth fighting or will be successful without “reasonable assurance we will have the support of the American people” and Congress; and (6) The commitment of U.S. troops to a conflict should be an act of last resort.
The Reagan administration had approved Israel’s invasion of Lebanon, and although initially welcomed by many Muslims in Lebanon the United States came to be seen as too pro-Israel, pro-Christian, and anti-Muslim. U.S. forces’ unintentional shelling of civilians did not help matters.
Furthermore, the re-entry of the MFN was not accompanied by a serious understanding of strategy, objectives and the relationship between them. So President Reagan decided to withdraw U.S. forces from what would likely become a major military quagmire for the United States, instead of a multinational peacekeeping operation.
That caution brings us back to Syria, where the crisis is beginning to meet Weinberger’s criteria on objectives: get al-Assad to leave. But means and strategies are very much in flux. The call for a U.S.-led international coalition of the willing to help the Syrian opposition is one suggested military and diplomatic strategy, but how realistic is it in the near term, or pre-Election Day?
Weinberger’s principles remind us that the situation in Syria is difficult for the United States because calibrating means and ends in the maelstrom is easier said than done. Perhaps the humanitarian crisis that Syria has become will help settle the matter. But, as Weinberger declared, the United States should “not assign a combat mission to a force configured for peacekeeping.”
Translation: Lebanon must not happen again.
Kiron K. Skinner is director of Carnegie Mellon University’s Center for International Relations and Politics, a research fellow at Stanford University’s Hoover Institution, and a Atlantic Council board director. This article was originally published on CNN.
Photo Credit: AFP/Getty Images
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