Moscow and Tehran have been close partners driven by hostility towards the West since the Iranian revolution in the late 1970s. But after Putin’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine in February 2022, the two groups have found a new nexus of unprecedented cooperation.

Russia has come to rely on Iranian drones in its intensive bombing campaign against Ukraine’s energy infrastructure and civilian targets. Such cooperation has balanced what has historically been a more strongly skewed partnership between the two countries, in which Iran has sought more advanced technology from Russia. Now, the changing nature of the partnership between Tehran and Moscow is serving to strengthen the capabilities of both countries.

This new era of strategic partnership, marked by Iran’s UAV transfers, has continued to expand. The two sides continue to conduct frequent tours of each other’s scientific, military, and technical facilities, and to discuss further security cooperation. Iran is helping Russia build a factory to co-produce mass quantities of Iran’s Shahed drones. Iran has separately agreed to sell Russia surface-to-surface missiles, and there are reports that Russia pledges to provide Iran with advanced fighter jets and other air defense assets to help the country defend against future airstrikes.