Europe & Eurasia Financial Sanctions and Economic Coercion Iran Middle East Politics & Diplomacy Russia Ukraine
IranSource August 31, 2023

Iran and targeted human rights sanctions update: Providing military equipment to Iran security forces and Russia

By Celeste Kmiotek and Lisandra Novo

ŲØŁ‡ Ų²ŲØŲ§Ł† ŁŲ§Ų±Ų³ŪŒ ŲØŲ®ŁˆŲ§Ł†ŪŒŲÆ

ŲØŁ‡ Ų·ŁˆŲ± Ų®Ł„Ų§ŲµŁ‡ŲŒ ŲŖŲ­Ų±ŪŒŁ…ā€Ł‡Ų§ā€ŪŒ Ł‡ŲÆŁŁ…Ł†ŲÆ Ų­Ł‚ŁˆŁ‚ ŲØŲ“Ų±ŪŒ Ų§ŲØŲ²Ų§Ų±ŪŒ Ł‡Ų³ŲŖŁ†ŲÆ Ś©Ł‡ ŲÆŁˆŁ„ŲŖā€Ł‡Ų§ā€ ŲØŲ±Ų§ŪŒ Ł…Ų³ŲÆŁˆŲÆ Ś©Ų±ŲÆŁ† ŲÆŲ§Ų±Ų§ŪŒŪŒā€Ł‡Ų§ā€ Łˆ Ų¹ŲÆŁ… ŲµŲÆŁˆŲ± ŁˆŪŒŲ²Ų§ ŲØŲ±Ų§ŪŒ Ų§ŁŲ±Ų§ŲÆŪŒ Ś©Ł‡ ŲÆŲ± Ł…ŁˆŲ§Ų±ŲÆ Ł†Ł‚Ų¶ Ų­Ł‚ŁˆŁ‚ ŲØŲ“Ų± Ł…Ų“Ų§Ų±Ś©ŲŖ Ł†Ł…ŁˆŲÆŁ‡ā€Ų§Ł†ŲÆŲŒ ŲØŁ‡ Ś©Ų§Ų± Ł…ŪŒā€ŚÆŪŒŲ±Ł†ŲÆ. Ų§ŚÆŲ± Ś†Ł‡ ŲØŁ‡ Ų·ŁˆŲ± Ś©Ł„ŪŒ Ł…Ł‚ŲµŲÆ Ų§Ų² Ų§ŁŲ¹Ł…Ų§Ł„ Ų§ŪŒŁ† ŲŖŲ­Ų±ŪŒŁ…ā€Ł‡Ų§ā€ŲŒ ŁˆŲ§ŲÆŲ§Ų± Ś©Ų±ŲÆŁ† Ł…ŲŖŲ®Ł„ŁŲ§Ł† ŲØŁ‡ ŲŖŲŗŪŒŪŒŲ± Ų±ŁŲŖŲ§Ų±Ų“Ų§Ł† Ų§Ų³ŲŖŲŒ Ų§Ł…Ų§ Ų§Ł‚ŲÆŲ§Ł…Ų§ŲŖ Ł…Ų²ŲØŁˆŲ± ŲÆŲ§Ų±Ų§ŪŒ ŲŖŲ£Ų«ŪŒŲ±Ų§ŲŖ ŲÆŪŒŚÆŲ±ŪŒ Ł†ŪŒŲ² Ł‡Ų³ŲŖŁ†ŲÆ. ŲØŲ±Ų§ŪŒ Ł…Ų«Ų§Ł„ŲŒ Ł…Ł†Ų¹ Ł…Ų¬Ų±Ł…ŪŒŁ† Ų§Ų² ŲØŁ‡ ŲÆŲ³ŲŖ Ų¢ŁˆŲ±ŲÆŁ† Ų§ŲØŲ²Ų§Ų±Ł‡Ų§ŪŒ Ł…ŁˆŲ±ŲÆ Ł†ŪŒŲ§Ų² ŲØŲ±Ų§ŪŒ Ų§ŲÆŲ§Ł…Ū€ ŲØŲÆŲ±ŁŲŖŲ§Ų±ŪŒ Łˆ Ų¢Ų²Ų§Ų±ŲŒ Łˆ Ł†ŪŒŲ² Ų§ŲØŲ±Ų§Ų² Ų­Ł…Ų§ŪŒŲŖ Ų§Ų² Ł‚Ų±ŲØŲ§Ł†ŪŒŲ§Ł† Ų§ŪŒŁ† Ų¢Ų²Ų§Ų±Ł‡Ų§. Ų§Ł…Ų§ Ł¾Ų±ŁˆŚ˜Ū€ Ų§Ł‚ŲÆŲ§Ł…Ų§ŲŖ Ł‚Ų¶Ų§ŪŒŪŒ Ų§Ų³ŲŖŲ±Ų§ŲŖŚ˜ŪŒŚ© Ų“ŁˆŲ±Ų§ŪŒ Ų¢ŲŖŁ„Ų§Ł†ŲŖŪŒŚ© (SLP) Ų§Ų² Ł…Ł†Ų§ŲØŲ¹ Ł…ŲŖŲ¹ŲÆŲÆŪŒ Ų“Ł†ŪŒŲÆŁ‡ Ų§Ų³ŲŖ Ś©Ł‡ ŲØŲ³ŪŒŲ§Ų±ŪŒ Ų§Ų² Ų§ŁŲ±Ų§ŲÆŪŒ Ś©Ł‡ ŲÆŲ± Ų§ŪŒŁ†ŚÆŁˆŁ†Ł‡ Ų¬ŁˆŲ§Ł…Ų¹Ł Ų¢Ų³ŪŒŲØ ŲÆŪŒŲÆŁ‡ ŲØŁ‡ Ų³Ų± Ł…ŪŒā€ŲØŲ±Ł†ŲÆŲŒ Ų§Ų² Ų¬Ł…Ł„Ł‡ Ų¬Ų§Ł…Ų¹Ū€ Ų§ŪŒŲ±Ų§Ł†ŪŒŲŒ ŲÆŲ± Ł…ŁˆŲ±ŲÆ Ų§Ł‚ŲÆŲ§Ł…Ų§ŲŖ Ł…Ų²ŲØŁˆŲ± Łˆ Ł…ŁŁ‡ŁˆŁ… Ų¢Ł†Ł‡Ų§ ŲØŁ‡ Ų®ŲµŁˆŲµ ŲØŁ‡ Ų²ŲØŲ§Ł† Ł…Ų­Ł„ŪŒ Ų®ŁˆŲÆ Ų§Ų·Ł„Ų§Ų¹Ų§ŲŖ Ś©Ų§ŁŪŒ ŲÆŲ± ŲÆŲ³ŲŖ Ł†ŲÆŲ§Ų±Ł†ŲÆ.

ŲÆŲ± Ł†ŲŖŪŒŲ¬Ł‡ŲŒ ŲØŲ± Ų§Ų³Ų§Ų³ ŲØŲ§Ų²Ų®ŁˆŲ±ŲÆ ŁŁˆŁ‚ŲŒ ŲŖŁ‡ŪŒŪ€ Ų§ŪŒŁ† Ł…Ų¬Ł…ŁˆŲ¹Ł‡ ŁˆŲØŁ„Ų§ŚÆā€Ł‡Ų§ā€ Ų¢ŲŗŲ§Ų² Ų“ŲÆ ŲŖŲ§ Ų§Ų·Ł„Ų§Ų¹Ų§ŲŖ Ł…Ł‡Ł…ŪŒ ŲÆŲ± ŲØŲ§Ų±Ū€ ŲŖŲ­Ų±ŪŒŁ…ā€Ł‡Ų§ā€ŪŒ Ł‡ŲÆŁŁ…Ł†ŲÆ Ų­Ł‚ŁˆŁ‚ ŲØŲ“Ų±ŪŒ Ś©Ł‡ ŲØŁ‡ Ų¬Ł…Ł‡ŁˆŲ±ŪŒ Ų§Ų³Ł„Ų§Ł…ŪŒ Ų§ŪŒŲ±Ų§Ł† Ł…Ų±ŲØŁˆŲ· Ł…ŪŒā€Ų“ŁˆŲÆ Ų±Ų§ Ł…Ų·Ų±Ų­ Ł†Ł…Ų§ŪŒŲÆ. Ų§ŪŒŁ† ŁˆŲØŁ„Ų§ŚÆā€Ł‡Ų§ā€ Ł‡Ł…Ś†Ł†ŪŒŁ† Ł…Ł‡Ł…ŲŖŲ±ŪŒŁ† Ų§Ų®ŲØŲ§Ų± Ų±ŁˆŲ² ŲÆŲ± Ł…ŁˆŲ±ŲÆ Ł…Ų¬Ų±Ł…ŪŒŁ† Ų§ŪŒŲ±Ų§Ł†ŪŒ Ś©Ł‡ ŲØŁ‡ ŲÆŁ„ŪŒŁ„ Ł†Ł‚Ų¶ Ų­Ł‚ŁˆŁ‚ ŲØŲ“Ų± ŲŖŲ­Ų±ŪŒŁ… Ų“ŲÆŁ‡ā€ā€Ų§Ł†ŲÆā€ Łˆ Ų¹Ł„ŲŖ Ų¢Ł†ŲŒ Łˆ Ł†ŪŒŲ² Ł‡Ų± ŚÆŁˆŁ†Ł‡ Ų§Ų·Ł„Ų§Ų¹Ų§ŲŖ ŲÆŪŒŚÆŲ±ŪŒ Ś©Ł‡ Ł…Ł…Ś©Ł† Ų§Ų³ŲŖ Ł…Ų±ŲØŁˆŲ· ŲØŁ‡ Ų¬ŁˆŲ§Ł…Ų¹ŪŒ ŲØŲ§Ų“ŲÆ Ś©Ł‡ Ų­Ł‚ŁˆŁ‚ Ų“Ų§Ł† Ł†Ł‚Ų¶ Ų“ŲÆŁ‡ Ų±Ų§ ŲÆŲ± Ų§Ų®ŲŖŪŒŲ§Ų± Ų®ŁˆŲ§Ł†Ł†ŲÆŚÆŲ§Ł† Ł‚Ų±Ų§Ų± Ł…ŪŒā€ŲÆŁ‡ŲÆ. ŲÆŲ± Ł…ŁˆŲ±ŲÆ Ł¾Ų±Ų³Ų“ā€Ł‡Ų§ā€ Łˆ Ł‡Ł…Ś†Ł†ŪŒŁ† Ł…ŁˆŲ¶ŁˆŲ¹Ų§ŲŖŪŒ Ś©Ł‡ ŲØŲ§ŪŒŲÆ Ł…Ų·Ų±Ų­ ŚÆŲ±ŲÆŲÆŲŒ Ł…Ų“ŲŖŲ§Ł‚ŪŒŁ… Ł†ŲøŲ±Ų§ŲŖ Ų§Ų±Ų³Ų§Ł„ŪŒ Ų®ŁˆŲ§Ł†Ł†ŲÆŚÆŲ§Ł†ŲŒ ŲØŁ‡ ŁˆŪŒŚ˜Ł‡ Ų§Ų¹Ų¶Ų§ŪŒ Ų¬Ų§Ł…Ų¹Ū€ Ł…ŲÆŁ†ŪŒ Ų§ŪŒŲ±Ų§Ł† Ų±Ų§ ŲÆŲ±ŪŒŲ§ŁŲŖ Ś©Ł†ŪŒŁ….

ŲÆŲ± Ų±ŁˆŲ² 8 Ų§ŁˆŲŖ ŲØŲ±ŪŒŲŖŲ§Ł†ŪŒŲ§ Łˆ Ś©Ų§Ł†Ų§ŲÆŲ§ ŲÆŲ± Ś†Ų§Ų±Ś†ŁˆŲØ ŲŖŲ­Ų±ŪŒŁ…ā€Ł‡Ų§ā€ā€ŪŒ Ł‡ŲÆŁŁ…Ł†ŲÆŲŒ ŲŖŲ¹ŲÆŲ§ŲÆŪŒ Ų§Ų² Ł…Ł‚Ų§Ł…Ų§ŲŖ Ų±Ų³Ł…ŪŒŲŒ ŲµŲ§Ų­ŲØŲ§Ł† Ų“Ų±Ś©ŲŖā€Ł‡Ų§ŪŒ ŲŖŲ¬Ų§Ų±ŪŒŲŒ Łˆ Ł†Ł‡Ų§ŲÆŁ‡Ų§ Ų±Ų§ ŲØŁ‡ ŲÆŁ„ŪŒŁ„ ŲŖŁ‡ŪŒŪ€ ŲŖŲ¬Ł‡ŪŒŲ²Ų§ŲŖ Ł†ŲøŲ§Ł…ŪŒ ŲØŲ±Ų§ŪŒ Ų±ŁˆŲ³ŪŒŁ‡ Łˆ Ł†ŪŒŲ±ŁˆŁ‡Ų§ŪŒ Ų§Ł…Ł†ŪŒŲŖŪŒ Ų§ŪŒŲ±Ų§Ł†ŲŒ ŲŖŲ­Ų±ŪŒŁ… Ł†Ł…ŁˆŲÆŁ†ŲÆ.

Ł¾ŪŒŲ“ŪŒŁ†Ł‡

ŲÆŲ± Ų·ŪŒ ŲŖŲøŲ§Ł‡Ų±Ų§ŲŖ Ų³Ų±Ų§Ų³Ų±ŪŒ ŲÆŲ± Ų§ŪŒŲ±Ų§Ł† Ś©Ł‡ Ł¾Ų³ Ų§Ų² ŲÆŲ³ŲŖŚÆŪŒŲ±ŪŒ Łˆ Ų¬Ų§Ł† ŲØŲ§Ų®ŲŖŁ† Ł…Ł‡Ų³Ų§ Ś˜ŪŒŁ†Ų§ Ų§Ł…ŪŒŁ†ŪŒ ŲÆŲ± Ł†ŪŒŁ…Ū€ Ų³Ł¾ŲŖŲ§Ł…ŲØŲ± 2022 Ų¢ŲŗŲ§Ų² Ų“ŲÆŲŒ Ł…Ų¹ŲŖŲ±Ų¶Ų§Ł† Ų§ŪŒŲ±Ų§Ł†ŪŒ ŲØŁ‡ Ų·Ų±ŁŲÆŲ§Ų±ŪŒ Ų§Ų² Ų§ŁˆŚ©Ų±Ų§ŪŒŁ† Ł†ŪŒŲ² ŲØŁ‡ ŲŖŲøŲ§Ł‡Ų±Ų§ŲŖ Ł¾Ų±ŲÆŲ§Ų®ŲŖŁ†ŲÆ. Ų§Ł…Ų§ Ų§Ų² Ų²Ł…Ų§Ł†ŪŒ Ś©Ł‡ Ų±ŁˆŲ³ŪŒŁ‡ ŲÆŲ± ŁŁˆŲ±ŪŒŁ‡ 2022 Ų­Ł…Ł„Ū€ Ś©Ų§Ł…Ł„ Ų®ŁˆŲÆ ŲØŁ‡ Ų§ŁˆŚ©Ų±Ų§ŪŒŁ† Ų±Ų§ Ų¢ŲŗŲ§Ų² Ś©Ų±ŲÆŲŒ Ų§ŁˆŚ©Ų±Ų§ŪŒŁ† Łˆ Ł‡Ł…ā€Ł¾ŪŒŁ…Ų§Ł†Ų§Ł†Ų“ ŲŖŲ£Ų¦ŪŒŲÆ Ś©Ų±ŲÆŁ‡ā€ā€Ų§Ł†ŲÆ ā€ā€Ś©Ł‡ Ų¬Ł…Ł‡ŁˆŲ±ŪŒ Ų§Ų³Ł„Ų§Ł…ŪŒ Ų§ŪŒŲ±Ų§Ł† ŲØŲ±Ų§ŪŒ Ų±ŁˆŲ³ŪŒŁ‡ ŲŖŲ¬Ł‡ŪŒŲ²Ų§ŲŖ Ł†ŲøŲ§Ł…ŪŒ Łˆ ŲØŁ‡ ŁˆŪŒŚ˜Ł‡ Ł¾Ł‡Ł¾Ų§ŲÆ ŲŖŁ‡ŪŒŁ‡ Ś©Ų±ŲÆŁ‡ Ų§Ų³ŲŖ. Ų¬Ł…Ł‡ŁˆŲ±ŪŒ Ų§Ų³Ł„Ų§Ł…ŪŒ Ų§ŪŒŲ±Ų§Ł† Ł…Ś©Ų±Ų±Ų§Ł‹ Ų§ŪŒŁ† Ų§ŲÆŲ¹Ų§Ł‡Ų§ Ų±Ų§ Ų±ŲÆ Ś©Ų±ŲÆŁ‡ Ų§Ų³ŲŖ Łˆ ŁŁ‚Ų· Ų§Ų¹ŲŖŲ±Ų§Ł Ś©Ų±ŲÆŁ‡ Ś©Ł‡ Ų§ŪŒŁ† Ś©Ų“ŁˆŲ± Ł¾ŪŒŲ“ Ų§Ų² Ų¢ŲŗŲ§Ų² ŲŖŁ‡Ų§Ų¬Ł… ŚÆŲ³ŲŖŲ±ŲÆŪ€ [Ų±ŁˆŲ³ŪŒŁ‡] Ų§ŪŒŁ† ŲŖŲ¬Ł‡ŪŒŲ²Ų§ŲŖ Ų±Ų§ ŲŖŲ£Ł…ŪŒŁ† Ł…ŪŒā€Ś©Ų±ŲÆŁ‡ Ų§Ų³ŲŖ.

ŲŖŲ­Ł‚ŪŒŁ‚Ų§ŲŖ ŲŖŲ£Ų¦ŪŒŲÆ Ś©Ų±ŲÆŁ‡ā€ā€Ų§Ł†ŲÆ ā€ā€Ś©Ł‡ Ų¬Ł…Ł‡ŁˆŲ±ŪŒ Ų§Ų³Ł„Ų§Ł…ŪŒ Ų§ŪŒŲ±Ų§Ł† Ų­ŲŖŪŒ ŲÆŲ± Ų³Ų§Ł„ 2023 Ł‡Ł… ŲØŲ±Ų§ŪŒ Ų±ŁˆŲ³ŪŒŁ‡ Ł¾Ł‡Ł¾Ų§ŲÆ ŲŖŲ£Ł…ŪŒŁ† Ś©Ų±ŲÆŁ‡ Ų§Ų³ŲŖ. ŲØŁ‡ Ų¹Ł„Ų§ŁˆŁ‡ŲŒ Ų¬Ł…Ł‡ŁˆŲ±ŪŒ Ų§Ų³Ł„Ų§Ł…ŪŒ Ų§ŪŒŲ±Ų§Ł† ŲÆŲ± Ų§Ś©ŲŖŲØŲ± 2022ŲŒ Ł…Ų±ŲØŪŒā€Ł‡Ų§ā€ā€ŪŒ Ł¾Ł‡Ł¾Ų§ŲÆ ŲØŁ‡ Ś©Ų±ŪŒŁ…Ł‡ Ų§Ų¹Ų²Ų§Ł… Ś©Ų±ŲÆŁ‡ Ų§Ų³ŲŖ Łˆ Ų§Ś©Ł†ŁˆŁ† ŲØŲ± Ų·ŲØŁ‚ ŚÆŲ²Ų§Ų±Ų“ā€Ł‡Ų§ā€ā€ ŲØŁ‡ Ų±ŁˆŲ³ŪŒŁ‡ Łˆ Ų§Ų­ŲŖŁ…Ų§Ł„Ų§Ł‹ ŲØŁ„Ų§Ų±ŁˆŲ³ ŲÆŲ± Ų³Ų§Ų®ŲŖ Ś©Ų§Ų±Ų®Ų§Ł†Ł‡ā€Ł‡Ų§ā€ā€ŪŒ Ł¾Ł‡Ł¾Ų§ŲÆ ŲÆŲ± Ų¢Ł† Ś©Ų“ŁˆŲ±Ł‡Ų§ Ś©Ł…Ś© Ł…ŪŒā€Ś©Ł†ŲÆ. Ų¢Ų“Ś©Ų§Ų± Ų“ŲÆŁ‡ Ų§Ų³ŲŖ Ś©Ł‡ Ų“Ų±Ś©ŲŖā€Ł‡Ų§ā€ā€ŪŒ Ų®ŲµŁˆŲµŪŒ Ų¹Ł„Ų§ŁˆŁ‡ ŲØŲ± Ų§Ų±Ų³Ų§Ł„ ŲŖŲ¬Ł‡ŪŒŲ²Ų§ŲŖ Ł†ŲøŲ§Ł…ŪŒ ŲØŁ‡ Ų§ŪŒŲ±Ų§Ł† ŲØŲ±Ų§ŪŒ Ų³Ų±Ś©ŁˆŲØ ŲŖŲøŲ§Ł‡Ų±Ų§ŲŖ ŲÆŲ± Ų§ŪŒŁ† Ś©Ų“ŁˆŲ±ŲŒ Ł¾Ł‡Ł¾Ų§ŲÆ Łˆ Ł‚Ų·Ų¹Ų§ŲŖ Ł†ŲøŲ§Ł…ŪŒ ŲØŲ±Ų§ŪŒ Ų±ŁˆŲ³ŪŒŁ‡ ŁŲ±Ų§Ł‡Ł… Ś©Ų±ŲÆŁ‡ā€ā€Ų§Ł†ŲÆ.ā€ā€

ŁŁ‡Ų±Ų³ŲŖ ŲŖŲ­Ų±ŪŒŁ…ā€Ł‡Ų§ā€ā€ Ś†Ł‡ Ł…ŪŒā€ŚÆŁˆŪŒŁ†ŲÆ

Ś©Ų§Ł†Ų§ŲÆŲ§ ŲØŲ± Ų·ŲØŁ‚ Ų¢Ų¦ŪŒŁ† Ł†Ų§Ł…Ł‡ Ų§Ł‚ŲÆŲ§Ł…Ų§ŲŖ Ų§Ł‚ŲŖŲµŲ§ŲÆŪŒ ŁˆŪŒŚ˜Ł‡ ŲÆŲ± ŲØŲ§Ų±Ū€ Ų§ŪŒŲ±Ų§Ł†ŲŒ Ł‡ŁŲŖ ŲŖŁ† Ų±Ų§ Ś©Ł‡ ŲÆŲ± ŁŲ¹Ų§Ł„ŪŒŲŖā€Ł‡Ų§ā€ā€ŪŒŪŒ ŲÆŲ³ŲŖ ŲÆŲ§Ų“ŲŖŁ†ŲÆ Ś©Ł‡ ŲµŁ„Ų­ Łˆ Ų§Ł…Ł†ŪŒŲŖ ā€ā€ŲØŪŒŁ†ā€Ų§Ł„Ł…Ł„Ł„ŪŒā€ā€ Ų±Ų§ Ų“ŲÆŪŒŲÆŲ§Ł‹ ŲØŁ‡ Ł…Ų®Ų§Ų·Ų±Ł‡ Ł…ŪŒā€Ų§Ł†ŲÆŲ§Ų²ŲÆŲŒ ŲÆŲ± ŁŁ‡Ų±Ų³ŲŖ ŲŖŲ­Ų±ŪŒŁ… Ų“ŲÆŚÆŲ§Ł† Ł‚Ų±Ų§Ų± ŲÆŲ§ŲÆ. Ų§ŪŒŁ† ŲŖŲ­Ų±ŪŒŁ…ā€Ł‡Ų§ā€ā€ ŲØŲ± Ų±ŁˆŪŒ Ų¢Ł† ŲÆŲ³ŲŖŁ‡ Ų§Ų² Ł…Ł‚Ų§Ł…Ų§ŲŖ Ų§Ų±Ų“ŲÆ Ų­Ś©ŁˆŁ…ŲŖ Ų§ŪŒŲ±Ų§Ł† ŲŖŁ…Ų±Ś©Ų² ŲÆŲ§Ų±ŲÆ Ś©Ł‡ ŲØŲ§ Ł†Ł‡Ų§ŲÆŁ‡Ų§ŪŒŪŒ Ų§Ų±ŲŖŲØŲ§Ų· ŲÆŲ§Ų±Ł†ŲÆ Ś©Ł‡ Ł„ŁˆŲ§Ų²Ł…ŪŒ Ų±Ų§ ŲÆŲ± Ų§Ų®ŲŖŪŒŲ§Ų± ŁŲ±Ł…Ų§Ł†ŲÆŁ‡ŪŒ Ł†ŪŒŲ±ŁˆŪŒ Ų³Ų±Ś©ŁˆŲØŚÆŲ± Ų§Ł†ŲŖŲøŲ§Ł…ŪŒ Ś©Ų“ŁˆŲ±ŪŒ Ų§ŪŒŲ±Ų§Ł† Łˆ Ł†ŪŒŲ² Ų§ŁŲ±Ų§ŲÆ ŲÆŪŒŚÆŲ±ŪŒ Ł‚Ų±Ų§Ų± ŲÆŲ§ŲÆŁ‡ Ų§Ų³ŲŖ Ś©Ł‡ ŲÆŲ§Ų±Ų§ŪŒ Ų±ŲŖŲØŁ‡ā€Ł‡Ų§ā€ā€ŪŒ ŲØŲ§Ł„Ų§ŪŒŪŒ ŲÆŲ± Ł…Ų¤Ų³Ų³Ų§ŲŖ ŲÆŁˆŁ„ŲŖŪŒ Ł‡Ų³ŲŖŁ†ŲÆ Łˆ ŲŖŁˆŁ„ŪŒŲÆ Ł¾Ł‡Ł¾Ų§ŲÆŁ‡Ų§ŪŒ Ł…Ł‡Ł„Ś© Ų¬Ł†ŚÆŪŒ Ų±Ų§ ŲØŲ± Ų¹Ł‡ŲÆŁ‡ ŲÆŲ§Ų±Ł†ŲÆ Ś©Ł‡ ŲŖŁˆŲ³Ų· Ł†ŪŒŲ±ŁˆŁ‡Ų§ŪŒ Ł…Ų³Ł„Ų­ Ų§ŪŒŲ±Ų§Ł† ŲØŲ±Ų§ŪŒ Ų§Ų² ŲØŪŒŁ† ŲØŲ±ŲÆŁ† Ų«ŲØŲ§ŲŖ Łˆ Ų¢Ų±Ų§Ł…Ų“ Ł…Ł†Ų·Ł‚Ł‡ Ų§Ų³ŲŖŁŲ§ŲÆŁ‡ Ł…ŪŒā€Ų“ŁˆŲÆ Łˆ ŪŒŲ§ ŲØŲ±Ų§ŪŒ Ų§Ų³ŲŖŁŲ§ŲÆŁ‡ ŲÆŲ± Ų¬Ł†ŚÆ ŲŗŪŒŲ± Ł‚Ų§Ł†ŁˆŁ†ŪŒ Ų¹Ł„ŪŒŁ‡ Ų§ŁˆŚ©Ų±Ų§ŪŒŁ†ŲŒ ŲØŁ‡ Ų±ŁˆŲ³ŪŒŁ‡ ŲµŲ§ŲÆŲ± Ł…ŪŒā€ŚÆŲ±ŲÆŲÆ. Ų§ŪŒŁ† Ų§ŁŲ±Ų§ŲÆ Ų¹ŲØŲ§Ų±ŲŖŁ†ŲÆ Ų§Ų²:

– Ų¹Ł„ŪŒ Ų§Ś©ŲØŲ± Ų§Ų­Ł…ŲÆŪŒŲ§Ł†ŲŒ ŲÆŲØŪŒŲ± Ų“ŁˆŲ±Ų§ŪŒ Ų¹Ų§Ł„ŪŒ Ų§Ł…Ł†ŪŒŲŖ Ł…Ł„ŪŒ Ų§ŪŒŲ±Ų§Ł†

– Ų§Ł…ŪŒŲ± Ų³Ų±ŲŖŪŒŁ¾ Ų¹ŲØŲÆŲ§Ł„Ś©Ų±ŪŒŁ… ŲØŁ†ŪŒ Ų·Ų±ŁŪŒŲŒ Ł…ŲÆŪŒŲ± Ų¹Ų§Ł…Ł„ Ų³Ų§Ų²Ł…Ų§Ł† ŲµŁ†Ų§ŪŒŲ¹ Ł‡ŁˆŲ§ŪŒŪŒ Ų§ŪŒŲ±Ų§Ł†

– ŲÆŁˆ ŲŖŁ† Ų§Ų² Ų§Ų¹Ų¶Ų§ŪŒ Ł‡ŪŒŲ¦ŲŖ Ł…ŲÆŪŒŲ±Ū€ Ų§ŪŒŁ…Ł† ŲµŁ†Ų¹ŲŖ Ų²Ł…Ų§Ł† ŁŲ±Ų§

– Ų³Ł‡ ŲŖŁ† Ų§Ų² Ų§Ų¹Ų¶Ų§ŪŒ Ł‡ŪŒŲ¦ŲŖ Ł…ŲÆŪŒŲ±Ū€ ŲµŁ†Ų§ŪŒŲ¹ Ł‡ŁˆŲ§ŪŒŪŒ Ł‚ŲÆŲ³

Ų§ŪŒŲ§Ł„Ų§ŲŖ Ł…ŲŖŲ­ŲÆŪ€ Ų§Ł…Ų±ŪŒŚ©Ų§ŲŒ Ų§ŲŖŲ­Ų§ŲÆŪŒŪ€ Ų§Ų±ŁˆŁ¾Ų§ŲŒ ŲØŲ±ŪŒŲŖŲ§Ł†ŪŒŲ§ Łˆ Ų§Ų³ŲŖŲ±Ų§Ł„ŪŒŲ§ Ł‡Ł…ŚÆŪŒ Ų§Ų­Ł…ŲÆŪŒŲ§Ł† Ų±Ų§ ŲŖŲ­Ų±ŪŒŁ… Ś©Ų±ŲÆŁ‡ā€ā€Ų§Ł†ŲÆ ā€ā€Ų§Ł…Ų§ Ł‡ŪŒŚ†ŪŒŚ© [ŲØŁ†ŪŒ]Ų·Ų±ŁŪŒ Ų±Ų§ ŲŖŲ­Ų±ŪŒŁ… Ł†Ś©Ų±ŲÆŁ‡ā€ā€Ų§Ł†ŲÆ.ā€ā€ Ų§ŪŒŲ§Ł„Ų§ŲŖ Ł…ŲŖŲ­ŲÆŁ‡ŲŒ Ų§ŲŖŲ­Ų§ŲÆŪŒŪ€ Ų§Ų±ŁˆŁ¾Ų§ŲŒ Ų§Ų³ŲŖŲ±Ų§Ł„ŪŒŲ§ Łˆ Ś©Ų§Ł†Ų§ŲÆŲ§ Ł‡Ł…ŚÆŪŒ ŲµŁ†Ų§ŪŒŲ¹ Ł‡ŁˆŲ§ŪŒŪŒ Ł‚ŲÆŲ³ Ų±Ų§ ŲØŁ‡ Ų¹Ł†ŁˆŲ§Ł† ŪŒŚ© Ł†Ł‡Ų§ŲÆ ŲŖŲ­Ų±ŪŒŁ… Ł†Ł…ŁˆŲÆŁ‡ā€ā€Ų§Ł†ŲÆ ā€ā€Łˆ ŲØŲ±ŪŒŲŖŲ§Ł†ŪŒŲ§ Ų“Ų±Ś©ŲŖ Ł…Ų§Ł„Ś©Ł Ų§ŪŒŁ† Ś©Ł…Ł¾Ų§Ł†ŪŒŲŒ ŪŒŲ¹Ł†ŪŒ Ų³Ų§Ų²Ł…Ų§Ł† ŲµŁ†Ų§ŪŒŲ¹ Ł‡ŁˆŲ§ŪŒŪŒ Ų§ŪŒŲ±Ų§Ł† Ų±Ų§ ŲŖŲ­Ų±ŪŒŁ… Ł†Ł…ŁˆŲÆŁ‡ Ų§Ų³ŲŖ. ŲŖŁ†Ł‡Ų§ Ų§ŪŒŲ§Ł„Ų§ŲŖ Ł…ŲŖŲ­ŲÆŁ‡ŲŒ Ų§ŲŖŲ­Ų§ŲÆŪŒŪ€ Ų§Ų±ŁˆŁ¾Ų§ Łˆ Ś©Ų§Ł†Ų§ŲÆŲ§ Ų§ŪŒŁ…Ł† ŲµŁ†Ų¹ŲŖ Ų²Ł…Ų§Ł† ŁŲ±Ų§ Ų±Ų§ ŲØŁ‡ Ų¹Ł†ŁˆŲ§Ł† ŪŒŚ© Ł†Ł‡Ų§ŲÆ ŲŖŲ­Ų±ŪŒŁ… Ł†Ł…ŁˆŲÆŁ‡ā€ā€Ų§Ł†ŲÆ.ā€ā€ Ł‡ŪŒŚ† Ų­ŁˆŲ²Ū€ Ł‚Ų¶Ų§ŪŒŪŒ ŲÆŪŒŚÆŲ±ŪŒ ŲÆŁˆ Ų¹Ų¶Łˆ Ł‡ŪŒŲ¦ŲŖ Ł…ŲÆŪŒŲ±Ū€ Ų§ŪŒŁ…Ł† ŲµŁ†Ų¹ŲŖ Ų²Ł…Ų§Ł† ŁŲ±Ų§ Ś©Ł‡ Ś©Ų§Ł†Ų§ŲÆŲ§ ŲŖŲ­Ų±ŪŒŁ… Ś©Ų±ŲÆŁ‡ Ų±Ų§ ŲÆŲ± Ł„ŪŒŲ³ŲŖ ŲŖŲ­Ų±ŪŒŁ… Ų“ŲÆŚÆŲ§Ł† Ł‚Ų±Ų§Ų± Ł†ŲÆŲ§ŲÆŁ‡ā€Ų§Ł†ŲÆŲŒ Ų§ŚÆŲ±Ś†Ł‡ Ś©Ł‡ Ų§ŪŒŲ§Ł„Ų§ŲŖ Ł…ŲŖŲ­ŲÆŁ‡ŲŒ ŲØŲ±ŪŒŲŖŲ§Ł†ŪŒŲ§ Łˆ Ų§Ų³ŲŖŲ±Ų§Ł„ŪŒŲ§ Ł‡Ł…ŚÆŪŒ Ų³Ł‡ Ų¹Ų¶Łˆ Ų§Ų² Ł‡ŪŒŲ¦ŲŖ Ł…ŲÆŪŒŲ±Ū€ ŲµŁ†Ų§ŪŒŲ¹ Ł‡ŁˆŲ§ŪŒŪŒ Ł‚ŲÆŲ³ Ų±Ų§ ŲŖŲ­Ų±ŪŒŁ… Ł†Ł…ŁˆŲÆŁ‡ā€ā€Ų§Ł†ŲÆ.ā€ā€

ŲØŲ±ŪŒŲŖŲ§Ł†ŪŒŲ§ ŲØŲ± Ų§Ų³Ų§Ų³ Ł…Ł‚Ų±Ų±Ų§ŲŖ Ų³Ų§Ł„ 2019 ŲÆŲ± Ł…ŁˆŲ±ŲÆ ŲŖŲ­Ų±ŪŒŁ… Ų±ŁˆŲ³ŪŒŁ‡ Łˆ Ų®Ų±ŁˆŲ¬ ŲØŲ±ŪŒŲŖŲ§Ł†ŪŒŲ§ Ų§Ų² Ų§ŲŖŲ­Ų§ŲÆŪŒŪ€ Ų§Ų±ŁˆŁ¾Ų§ŲŒ Ł‡Ų“ŲŖ ŲŖŁ† Łˆ Ų³Ł‡ Ł…Ų¤Ų³Ų³Ł‡ Ś©Ł‡ Ł‡Ł…ŚÆŪŒ Ų§ŪŒŲ±Ų§Ł†ŪŒ ŲØŁˆŲÆŁ‡ Łˆ ŲØŲ§ Ų§ŪŒŲ±Ų§Ł† ŲÆŲ± Ų§Ų±ŲŖŲØŲ§Ų· Ł‡Ų³ŲŖŁ†ŲÆ Łˆ Ł‡Ł…ŚÆŪŒ ŲÆŲ± ŲØŪŒ Ų«ŲØŲ§ŲŖ Ų³Ų§Ų®ŲŖŁ† Ų§ŁˆŚ©Ų±Ų§ŪŒŁ† ŪŒŲ§ ŲŖŲ¶Ų¹ŪŒŁ ŪŒŲ§ ŲŖŁ‡ŲÆŪŒŲÆ ŲŖŁ…Ų§Ł…ŪŒŲŖ Ų§Ų±Ų¶ŪŒŲŒ Ų­Ų§Ś©Ł…ŪŒŲŖ ŪŒŲ§ Ų§Ų³ŲŖŁ‚Ł„Ų§Ł„ Ų§ŁˆŚ©Ų±Ų§ŪŒŁ† ŲÆŲ³ŲŖ ŲÆŲ§Ų“ŲŖŁ‡ā€ā€Ų§Ł†ŲÆ ā€ā€Ų±Ų§ ŲŖŲ­Ų±ŪŒŁ… Ś©Ų±ŲÆ. Ų§ŪŒŁ† Ų§ŁŲ±Ų§ŲÆ Łˆ Ł…Ų¤Ų³Ų³Ų§ŲŖ Ų¹ŲØŲ§Ų±ŲŖŁ†ŲÆ Ų§Ų²:

– Ų“Ų±Ś©ŲŖ Ł¾Ų±Ų¢ŁˆŲ± Ł¾Ų§Ų±Ų³ Łˆ Ł‡ŁŲŖ ŲŖŁ† Ų§Ų² Ų“Ų±Ś©Ų§ŪŒ Ų¢Ł†ŲŒ ŲØŁ‡ ŲÆŁ„ŪŒŁ„ Ų§Ų±Ų§Ų¦Ł‡ ŪŒŲ§ ŁŲ±Ų§Ł‡Ł… Ł†Ł…ŁˆŲÆŁ† ŁŁ†Ų§ŁˆŲ±ŪŒ Ś©Ł‡ Ł…ŪŒā€ŲŖŁˆŲ§Ł†ŲÆ ŲØŁ‡ Ų§ŪŒŲ¬Ų§ŲÆ ŲØŪŒā€Ų«ŲØŲ§ŲŖŪŒ Ś©Ł…Ś© Ś©Ł†ŲÆ.

– ŲÆŁˆ ŁˆŲ§Ų­ŲÆ ŲÆŲ± ŲÆŲ§Ų®Ł„ Ų³Ł¾Ų§Ł‡ Ł¾Ų§Ų³ŲÆŲ§Ų±Ų§Ł† Ų§Ł†Ł‚Ł„Ų§ŲØ Ų§Ų³Ł„Ų§Ł…ŪŒŲ› Ų³Ų§Ų²Ł…Ų§Ł† ŲŖŲ­Ł‚ŪŒŁ‚Ų§ŲŖ Łˆ Ų¬Ł‡Ų§ŲÆ Ų®ŁˆŲÆŚ©ŁŲ§ŪŒŪŒŲŒ Łˆ Ų³Ų§Ų²Ł…Ų§Ł† Ų¬Ł‡Ų§ŲÆ Ų®ŁˆŲÆŚ©ŁŲ§ŪŒŪŒ Ł†ŪŒŲ±ŁˆŪŒ Ł‡ŁˆŲ§ŁŲ¶Ų§ŪŒ Ų³Ł¾Ų§Ł‡ŲŒ ŲØŁ‡ ŲÆŁ„ŪŒŁ„ Ų§Ų±Ų§Ų¦Ł‡ ŪŒŲ§ ŁŲ±Ų§Ł‡Ł… Ś©Ų±ŲÆŁ† ŁŁ†Ų§ŁˆŲ±ŪŒ Ś©Ł‡ Ł…ŪŒā€ŲŖŁˆŲ§Ł†ŲÆ ŲØŁ‡ Ų§ŪŒŲ¬Ų§ŲÆ ŲØŪŒā€Ų«ŲØŲ§ŲŖŪŒ Ś©Ł…Ś© Ś©Ł†ŲÆ.

– Ų³Ų±ŲŖŪŒŁ¾ Ų¹Ł„ŪŒŲ±Ų¶Ų§ ŲØŁ„Ų§Ł„ŪŒ Ų§Ų² Ł†ŪŒŲ±ŁˆŪŒ Ł‡ŁˆŲ§ŁŲ¶Ų§ŪŒ Ų³Ł¾Ų§Ł‡ Ł¾Ų§Ų³ŲÆŲ§Ų±Ų§Ł† Ų§Ł†Ł‚Ł„Ų§ŲØ Ų§Ų³Ł„Ų§Ł…ŪŒ ŲØŁ‡ ŲÆŁ„ŪŒŁ„ ŲÆŲ³ŲŖ ŲÆŲ§Ų“ŲŖŁ† ŲÆŲ± Ų§ŪŒŲ¬Ų§ŲÆ ŲØŪŒā€Ų«ŲØŲ§ŲŖŪŒ.

Ł¾Ų±Ų¢ŁˆŲ± Ł¾Ų§Ų±Ų³ Łˆ ŲŖŁ…Ų§Ł…ŪŒ Ł‡ŁŲŖ ŲŖŁ† Ų“Ų±Ś©Ų§ŪŒ Ų¢Ł† Ł‚ŲØŁ„Ų§Ł‹ ŲÆŲ± ŁŁ‡Ų±Ų³ŲŖ ŲŖŲ­Ų±ŪŒŁ… Ų“ŲÆŚÆŲ§Ł† Ų§ŪŒŲ§Ł„Ų§ŲŖ Ł…ŲŖŲ­ŲÆŁ‡ŲŒ Ų§ŲŖŲ­Ų§ŲÆŪŒŪ€ Ų§Ų±ŁˆŁ¾Ų§ŲŒ Ś©Ų§Ł†Ų§ŲÆŲ§ Łˆ Ų§Ų³ŲŖŲ±Ų§Ł„ŪŒŲ§ Ł‚Ų±Ų§Ų± ŚÆŲ±ŁŲŖŁ‡ ŲØŁˆŲÆŁ†ŲÆŲŒ ŲØŁ‡ Ų§Ų³ŲŖŲ«Ł†Ų§ŪŒ ŲÆŁˆ ŲŖŁ† (ŲØŁ‡ Ł†ŲøŲ± Ł†Ł…ŪŒā€Ų±Ų³ŲÆ Ų“Ł…Ų³ Ų¢ŲØŲ§ŲÆŪŒ Łˆ ŁˆŲ§Ł„Ų§ŚÆŁ‡Ų± ŲŖŁˆŲ³Ų· Ś©Ų§Ł†Ų§ŲÆŲ§ ŲŖŲ­Ų±ŪŒŁ… Ų“ŲÆŁ‡ ŲØŲ§Ų“Ł†ŲÆ). Ų³Ų§Ų²Ł…Ų§Ł† Ų¬Ł‡Ų§ŲÆ Ų®ŁˆŲÆŚ©ŁŲ§ŪŒŪŒ Ų³Ł¾Ų§Ł‡ Ł¾Ų§Ų³ŲÆŲ§Ų±Ų§Ł† ŲŖŁˆŲ³Ų· Ų§ŪŒŲ§Ł„Ų§ŲŖ Ł…ŲŖŲ­ŲÆŁ‡ŲŒ Ų§ŲŖŲ­Ų§ŲÆŪŒŪ€ Ų§Ų±ŁˆŁ¾Ų§ Łˆ Ų§Ų³ŲŖŲ±Ų§Ł„ŪŒŲ§ŲŒ Ł†ŪŒŁˆŲ²ŪŒŁ„Ł†ŲÆ Łˆ Ų³ŁˆŲ¦ŪŒŲ³ ŲŖŲ­Ų±ŪŒŁ… Ų“ŲÆŁ‡ Ų§Ų³ŲŖ. Ų³Ų§Ų²Ł…Ų§Ł† Ų¬Ł‡Ų§ŲÆ Ų®ŁˆŲÆŚ©ŁŲ§ŪŒŪŒ Ł†ŪŒŲ±ŁˆŪŒ Ł‡ŁˆŲ§ŁŲ¶Ų§ŪŒ Ų³Ł¾Ų§Ł‡ Ł¾Ų§Ų³ŲÆŲ§Ų±Ų§Ł† Ł†ŪŒŲ² ŲŖŁˆŲ³Ų· Ų§ŪŒŲ§Ł„Ų§ŲŖ Ł…ŲŖŲ­ŲÆŁ‡ ŲŖŲ­Ų±ŪŒŁ… Ų“ŲÆŁ‡ Ų§Ų³ŲŖ. ŲØŁ„Ų§Ł„ŪŒ ŲØŁ‡ ŲÆŁ„ŪŒŁ„ Ų¢Ł…ŁˆŲ²Ų“ ŲÆŲ§ŲÆŁ† Ų§Ų³ŲŖŁŲ§ŲÆŁ‡ Ų§Ų² Ł¾Ł‡Ł¾Ų§ŲÆŁ‡Ų§ŪŒ Ų§ŪŒŲ±Ų§Ł† ŲØŁ‡ Ł†ŪŒŲ±ŁˆŁ‡Ų§ŪŒ Ų±ŁˆŲ³ŪŒ ŲÆŲ± Ų§ŪŒŲ±Ų§Ł†ŲŒ ŲŖŁˆŲ³Ų· Ų§ŲŖŲ­Ų§ŲÆŪŒŪ€ Ų§Ų±ŁˆŁ¾Ų§ Łˆ Ų³ŁˆŲ¦ŪŒŲ³ ŲŖŲ­Ų±ŪŒŁ… ŚÆŲ±ŲÆŪŒŲÆŁ‡ Ų§Ų³ŲŖ.

Ś†Ų±Ų§ Ų§ŪŒŁ† ŲŖŲ­Ų±ŪŒŁ…ā€Ł‡Ų§ā€ā€ Ł…Ł‡Ł… Ł‡Ų³ŲŖŁ†ŲÆ

Ų§ŚÆŲ±Ś†Ł‡ Ų§ŪŒŁ† ŲŖŲ­Ų±ŪŒŁ…ā€Ł‡Ų§ā€ā€ Ų“Ų§Ł…Ł„ Ł…Ł‚Ų§Ł…Ų§ŲŖ Ų­Ś©ŁˆŁ…ŲŖŪŒ Ł…ŪŒā€Ų“ŁˆŁ†ŲÆ Ų§Ł…Ų§ ŲÆŲ± ŁˆŲ§Ł‚Ų¹ ŲÆŲ§Ł…Ł†Ū€ ŁˆŲ³ŪŒŲ¹ŲŖŲ±ŪŒ Ų±Ų§ ŲÆŲ± ŲØŲ± Ł…ŪŒā€ŚÆŪŒŲ±Ł†ŲÆ Ś©Ł‡ Ų“Ų§Ł…Ł„ Ų§ŁŲ±Ų§ŲÆ ŲÆŪŒŚÆŲ±ŪŒ Ś©Ł‡ ŲÆŲ± Ų§ŪŒŁ† Ų²Ł†Ų¬ŪŒŲ±Ū€ ŲŖŲ£Ł…ŪŒŁ† Ł‡Ų³ŲŖŁ†ŲÆ Ł†ŪŒŲ² Ł…ŪŒā€Ų“ŁˆŲÆ: ŪŒŲ¹Ł†ŪŒ Ų³Ų§Ų²Ł†ŲÆŚÆŲ§Ł† ŲŖŲ¬Ł‡ŪŒŲ²Ų§ŲŖ Ł†ŲøŲ§Ł…ŪŒ. Ų§ŪŒŁ† Ł…ŁˆŲ¶ŁˆŲ¹ ŲØŁ‡ ŁˆŪŒŚ˜Ł‡ Ų­Ų§Ų¦Ų² Ų§Ł‡Ł…ŪŒŲŖ Ų§Ų³ŲŖ ŲØŲ®ŲµŁˆŲµ ŲØŲ§ ŲŖŁˆŲ¬Ł‡ ŲØŁ‡ Ų§ŪŒŁ† Ų¹Ų§Ł…Ł„ Ł…Ł‡Ł… Ś©Ł‡ Ś†Ł†ŪŒŁ† ŲŖŲ­Ų±ŪŒŁ…ā€Ł‡Ų§ā€ā€ŪŒŪŒ Ų§Ų² Ų¬Ų§Ł†ŲØ Ś©Ų“ŁˆŲ±Ł‡Ų§ŪŒ ŚÆŁˆŁ†Ų§ŚÆŁˆŁ† ŲµŁˆŲ±ŲŖ Ł…ŪŒā€ŚÆŪŒŲ±Ł†ŲÆŲŒ Ų²ŪŒŲ±Ų§ Ų³Ų§Ų²Ł†ŲÆŚÆŲ§Ł† Ų§ŪŒŁ† ŲŖŲ¬Ł‡ŪŒŲ²Ų§ŲŖ ŲÆŲ± ŪŒŚ© Ś©Ų“ŁˆŲ±ŲŒ Ų­ŲÆŲ§Ł‚Ł„ ŲÆŲ± ŲØŲ±Ų®ŪŒ Ł…ŁˆŲ§Ų±ŲÆŲŒ Ų§ŲŗŁ„ŲØ Ł†ŪŒŲ§Ų² ŲØŁ‡ Ł‚Ų·Ų¹Ų§ŲŖŪŒ ŲÆŲ§Ų±Ł†ŲÆ Ś©Ł‡ ŲÆŲ± Ś©Ų“ŁˆŲ±Ł‡Ų§ŪŒ ŲÆŪŒŚÆŲ± Ų³Ų§Ų®ŲŖŁ‡ Ł…ŪŒā€Ų“ŁˆŁ†ŲÆ. ŲØŲ±Ų§ŪŒ Ł…Ų«Ų§Ł„ŲŒ Ł¾Ł‡Ł¾Ų§ŲÆŁ‡Ų§ŪŒ Ų§ŪŒŲ±Ų§Ł† Ś©Ł‡ ŲÆŲ± Ų§ŁˆŚ©Ų±Ų§ŪŒŁ† Ł¾ŪŒŲÆŲ§ Ų“ŲÆ Ų“Ų§Ł…Ł„ Ł‚Ų·Ų¹Ų§ŲŖŪŒ Ł‡Ų³ŲŖŁ†ŲÆ Ś©Ł‡ ŲÆŲ± Ś†ŪŒŁ†ŲŒ Ų§Ł…Ų±ŪŒŚ©Ų§ Łˆ Ś©Ų“ŁˆŲ±Ł‡Ų§ŪŒ ŲÆŪŒŚÆŲ± ŲŖŁˆŁ„ŪŒŲÆ Ų“ŲÆŁ‡ā€ā€Ų§Ł†ŲÆ.ā€ā€ ŲŖŲ­Ų±ŪŒŁ…ā€Ł‡Ų§ā€ā€ŪŒ Ł‡ŲÆŁŁ…Ł†ŲÆ Ś©Ł…Ś© Ł…ŪŒā€Ś©Ł†Ł†ŲÆ ŲŖŲ§ Ų§ŪŒŁ† Ś©Ł…Ł¾Ų§Ł†ŪŒā€Ł‡Ų§ā€ā€ Ų±Ų§ Ł…Ų­ŲÆŁˆŲÆ Ś©Ų±ŲÆŁ‡ Łˆ Ų§Ų¬Ų§Ų²Ł‡ Ł†ŲÆŁ‡Ł†ŲÆ Ś©Ł‡ Ų¢Ł†Ł‡Ų§ Ų§ŪŒŁ†ŚÆŁˆŁ†Ł‡ Ł‚Ų·Ų¹Ų§ŲŖ Ų±Ų§ ŲÆŲ±ŪŒŲ§ŁŲŖ Ś©Ł†Ł†ŲÆŲŒ ŪŒŲ§ Ų­ŲÆŲ§Ł‚Ł„ ŲÆŲ± Ų­Ų§Ł„ŪŒ Ś©Ł‡ Ł‚ŪŒŁ…ŲŖ Ų±Ų§ Ų§ŁŲ²Ų§ŪŒŲ“ Ł…ŪŒā€ŲÆŁ‡Ł†ŲÆŲŒ Ų§ŪŒŁ† Ł…Ų±Ų§Ų­Ł„ Ų±Ų§ Ś©Ł†ŲÆ Łˆ Ł¾ŪŒŚ†ŪŒŲÆŁ‡ Ł†Ł…Ų§ŪŒŁ†ŲÆ.

Ų¶Ł…Ł†Ų§ ŲŖŁŲ³ŪŒŲ± Ų§ŪŒŲ§Ł„Ų§ŲŖ Ł…ŲŖŲ­ŲÆŁ‡ Ų§Ų² Ł‚ŁˆŲ§Ł†ŪŒŁ† ŲŖŲ­Ų±ŪŒŁ…ā€Ł‡Ų§ā€ā€ŪŒ Ł‡ŲÆŁŁ…Ł†ŲÆ Ł‡Ų± ŚÆŁˆŁ†Ł‡ Ł…Ų¹Ų§Ł…Ł„Ų§ŲŖŪŒ Ś©Ł‡ ŲØŲ± Ł¾Ų§ŪŒŪ€ ŲÆŁ„Ų§Ų± Ų§Ł…Ų±ŪŒŚ©Ų§ ŲØŲ§Ų“ŲÆ Ų±Ų§ Ł…Ł…Ł†ŁˆŲ¹ Ł…ŪŒā€Ų³Ų§Ų²ŲÆ. Ś†ŁˆŁ† ŲÆŁ„Ų§Ų± ŲŗŲ§Ł„ŲØŲ§Ł‹ ŲÆŲ± Ł…ŲØŲ§ŲÆŁ„Ų§ŲŖ Ų§Ų±Ų²ŪŒ ŲØŁ‡ Ų¹Ł†ŁˆŲ§Ł† Ų§Ų±Ų² ŁˆŲ§Ų³Ų· Ł…ŁˆŲ±ŲÆ Ų§Ų³ŲŖŁŲ§ŲÆŁ‡ Ł‚Ų±Ų§Ų± Ł…ŪŒā€ŚÆŪŒŲ±ŲÆŲŒ Ł…Ų«Ł„Ų§Ł‹ Ų±ŪŒŲ§Ł„ Ł…Ł…Ś©Ł† Ų§Ų³ŲŖ Ł¾ŪŒŲ“ Ų§Ų² ŲŖŲØŲÆŪŒŁ„ ŲØŁ‡ Ų±ŁˆŲØŁ„ Ų±ŁˆŲ³ŪŒŁ‡ Ų§ŲØŲŖŲÆŲ§ ŲØŁ‡ ŲÆŁ„Ų§Ų± Ų§Ł…Ų±ŪŒŚ©Ų§ ŲŖŲØŲÆŪŒŁ„ Ų“ŁˆŲÆŲŒ ŲŖŲ­Ų±ŪŒŁ…ā€Ł‡Ų§ā€ā€ŪŒ Ų§Ł…Ų±ŪŒŚ©Ų§ ŲØŁ‡ ŁˆŪŒŚ˜Ł‡ ŲÆŲ± Ł…Ų³ŲÆŁˆŲÆ Ų³Ų§Ų®ŲŖŁ† Ł…Ų¹Ų§Ł…Ł„Ų§ŲŖ ŲŖŲ¬Ų§Ų±ŪŒ Ł…Ų¤Ų«Ų± Ų®ŁˆŲ§Ł‡ŲÆ ŲØŁˆŲÆ.

ŲØŁ‡ Ų¹Ł„Ų§ŁˆŁ‡ŲŒ ŲŖŁ…Ų±Ś©Ų² ŲØŲ± Ų§Ł‚ŲÆŲ§Ł…Ų§ŲŖ ŲØŲ±ŁˆŁ† Ł…Ų±Ų²ŪŒ Ų¬Ł…Ł‡ŁˆŲ±ŪŒ Ų§Ų³Ł„Ų§Ł…ŪŒ Ų§ŪŒŲ±Ų§Ł†ŲŒ Ł†Ų“Ų§Ł† ŲÆŁ‡Ł†ŲÆŪ€ Ų­Ł…Ų§ŪŒŲŖ Ų§Ų² Ł‚Ų±ŲØŲ§Ł†ŪŒŲ§Ł† Ł¾Ł‡Ł¾Ų§ŲÆŁ‡Ų§ Łˆ ŲŖŲ¬Ł‡ŪŒŲ²Ų§ŲŖ ŲÆŪŒŚÆŲ±ŪŒ Ų§Ų³ŲŖ Ś©Ł‡ ŲÆŲ± Ų§ŁˆŚ©Ų±Ų§ŪŒŁ† ŲØŁ‡ Ś©Ų§Ų± ŚÆŲ±ŁŲŖŁ‡ Ų“ŲÆŁ‡ Łˆ ŲÆŲ± Ų¹ŪŒŁ† Ų­Ų§Ł„ Ł¾Ų§Ų³Ų®ŪŒ Ł…Ų­Ś©Ł… ŲØŁ‡ Ś©Ų“ŁˆŲ±Ł‡Ų§ŪŒŪŒ Ų§Ų³ŲŖ Ś©Ł‡ Ś†Ł†ŪŒŁ† Ł…Ł†Ų§ŲØŲ¹ŪŒ Ų±Ų§ ŲÆŲ± Ų§Ų®ŲŖŪŒŲ§Ų± Ų±ŁˆŲ³ŪŒŁ‡ Ł‚Ų±Ų§Ų± Ł…ŪŒā€ŲÆŁ‡Ł†ŲÆ.

Ų§ŪŒŁ† ŲŖŲ­Ų±ŪŒŁ…ā€Ł‡Ų§ā€ā€ ŲÆŲ± Ų¹Ł…Ł„ ŲØŁ‡ Ś†Ł‡ Ł…Ų¹Ł†Ų§ŪŒŪŒ Ł‡Ų³ŲŖŁ†ŲÆŲŸ

Ų³ŪŒŲ³ŲŖŁ…ā€Ł‡Ų§ŪŒ ŲŖŲ­Ų±ŪŒŁ… Ś©Ų§Ł†Ų§ŲÆŲ§ Łˆ ŲØŲ±ŪŒŲŖŲ§Ł†ŪŒŲ§ Ł…Ų¬Ų§Ų²Ų§ŲŖā€Ł‡Ų§ā€ā€ŪŒ Ł…Ų“Ų§ŲØŁ‡ŪŒ Ų±Ų§ ŲØŲ± Ų±ŁˆŪŒ Ų§ŁŲ±Ų§ŲÆ Łˆ Ł…Ų¤Ų³Ų³Ų§ŲŖ ŲŖŲ­Ų±ŪŒŁ… Ų“ŲÆŁ‡ Ų§ŁŲ¹Ł…Ų§Ł„ Ł…ŪŒā€Ś©Ł†ŲÆ. Ų§ŪŒŁ† Ł…Ų¬Ų§Ų²Ų§ŲŖā€Ł‡Ų§ā€ā€ Ų“Ų§Ł…Ł„ Ł…Ų³ŲÆŁˆŲÆ Ś©Ų±ŲÆŁ† ŲÆŲ§Ų±Ų§ŪŒŪŒā€Ł‡Ų§ā€ā€ Łˆ Ł…Ų­ŲÆŁˆŲÆŪŒŲŖā€Ł‡Ų§ā€ā€ŪŒ Ł…Ł‡Ų§Ų¬Ų±ŲŖŪŒ Ų§Ų³ŲŖ. Ų§Ł…Ų§ Ų§ŪŒŁ† ŲŖŲ­Ų±ŪŒŁ…ā€Ł‡Ų§ā€ā€ Ś†Ł‡ ŲÆŲ± ŲØŲ± ŲÆŲ§Ų±Ł†ŲÆŲŸ Ł…Ų³ŲÆŁˆŲÆ Ł†Ł…ŁˆŲÆŁ† ŲÆŲ§Ų±Ų§ŪŒŪŒ ŪŒŲ¹Ł†ŪŒ ŲÆŲ§Ų±Ų§ŪŒŪŒā€Ł‡Ų§ā€ā€ŪŒ Ł†Ł‚ŲÆŪŒ Ł…Ų§Ł†Ł†ŲÆ Ų­Ų³Ų§ŲØā€Ł‡Ų§ā€ā€ŪŒ ŲØŲ§Ł†Ś©ŪŒ Łˆ ŲÆŲ§Ų±Ų§ŪŒŪŒā€Ł‡Ų§ā€ā€ŪŒ ŲŗŪŒŲ± Ł†Ł‚ŲÆŪŒ Ł…Ų§Ł†Ł†ŲÆ Ų§Ł…Ł„Ų§Ś© Ł†Ł…ŪŒā€ŲŖŁˆŲ§Ł†Ł†ŲÆ ŲÆŲ± ŲÆŲ³ŲŖŲ±Ų³ Ų“Ų®Ųµ ŪŒŲ§ Ł…Ų¤Ų³Ų³Ū€ ŲŖŲ­Ų±ŪŒŁ… Ų“ŲÆŁ‡ Ł‚Ų±Ų§Ų± ŲØŚÆŪŒŲ±Ł†ŲÆŲŒ Ś†Ł‡ ŲØŁ‡ Ų·ŁˆŲ± Ł…Ų³ŲŖŁ‚ŪŒŁ… ŲØŲ§Ų“ŲÆ Łˆ Ś†Ł‡ ŲØŁ‡ Ų·ŁˆŲ± ŲŗŪŒŲ± Ł…Ų³ŲŖŁ‚ŪŒŁ…ŲŒ Ł…Ų«Ł„Ų§Ł‹ Ų§Ų² Ų·Ų±ŪŒŁ‚ ŪŒŚ© Ų“Ų®Ųµ Ų«Ų§Ł„Ų« (Ł…Ų§Ł†Ł†ŲÆ ŪŒŚ© Ų“Ų±ŪŒŚ© ŲŖŲ¬Ų§Ų±ŪŒ ŪŒŲ§ ŪŒŚ© Ų¹Ų¶Łˆ Ų®Ų§Ł†ŁˆŲ§ŲÆŁ‡). Ų§Ł„ŲØŲŖŁ‡ Ų§Ų³ŲŖŲ«Ł†Ų§Ų¦Ų§ŲŖŪŒ Ł‡Ł… ŲÆŲ± Ų§ŪŒŁ† ŲØŲ§Ų±Ł‡ ŁˆŲ¬ŁˆŲÆ ŲÆŲ§Ų±Ł†ŲÆŲŒ Ł…Ų§Ł†Ł†ŲÆ Ł…Ų¬Ų§Ų² Ų“Ł…Ų±ŲÆŁ† ŲÆŲ³ŲŖŲ±Ų³ŪŒ ŲØŁ‡ ŲØŁˆŲÆŲ¬Ū€ Ł„Ų§Ų²Ł… ŲØŲ±Ų§ŪŒ ŲŖŲ£Ł…ŪŒŁ† Ł…Ų§ŪŒŲ­ŲŖŲ§Ų¬ Ų²Ł†ŲÆŚÆŪŒ (Ł…Ų«Ł„ ŲŗŲ°Ų§ŲŒ Ų¢ŲØŲŒ Ų³Ų±Ł¾Ł†Ų§Ł‡ Łˆ ŲŗŪŒŲ±Ł‡). ŲØŁ‡ Ų¹Ł„Ų§ŁˆŁ‡ŲŒ Ų“Ł‡Ų±ŁˆŁ†ŲÆŲ§Ł† Ś©Ų§Ł†Ų§ŲÆŲ§ŪŒŪŒ Łˆ ŲØŲ±ŪŒŲŖŲ§Ł†ŪŒŲ§ŪŒŪŒ Ų§Ų¬Ų§Ų²Ł‡ Ł†ŲÆŲ§Ų±Ł†ŲÆ Ł…Ł†Ų§ŲØŲ¹ Ł…Ų§Ł„ŪŒ ŪŒŲ§ ŲÆŲ§Ų±Ų§ŪŒŪŒ ŲÆŲ± Ų§Ų®ŲŖŪŒŲ§Ų± Ų§ŁŲ±Ų§ŲÆ ŪŒŲ§ Ł†Ł‡Ų§ŲÆŁ‡Ų§ŪŒ ŲŖŲ­Ų±ŪŒŁ… Ų“ŲÆŁ‡ Ł‚Ų±Ų§Ų± ŲÆŁ‡Ł†ŲÆ. Ų§ŪŒŁ† ŲØŁ‡ Ł…Ų¹Ł†Ų§ŪŒ Ų¢Ł† Ų§Ų³ŲŖ Ś©Ł‡ Ų§ŚÆŲ± Ų§ŁŲ±Ų§ŲÆ ŪŒŲ§ Ł…Ų¤Ų³Ų³Ų§ŲŖ ŲŖŲ­Ų±ŪŒŁ… Ų“ŲÆŁ‡ ŲÆŲ§Ų±Ų§ŪŒŪŒā€Ł‡Ų§ā€ā€ŪŒŪŒ ŲÆŲ± Ś©Ų§Ł†Ų§ŲÆŲ§ ŪŒŲ§ ŲØŲ±ŪŒŲŖŲ§Ł†ŪŒŲ§ ŲÆŲ§Ų±Ł†ŲÆŲŒ Ł†Ł‡ ŲŖŁ†Ł‡Ų§ Ł‚Ų§ŲÆŲ± Ł†Ų®ŁˆŲ§Ł‡Ł†ŲÆ ŲØŁˆŲÆ ŲØŁ‡ Ų¢Ł†Ł‡Ų§ ŲÆŲ³ŲŖŲ±Ų³ŪŒ ŲÆŲ§Ų“ŲŖŁ‡ ŲØŲ§Ų“Ł†ŲÆ ŲØŁ„Ś©Ł‡ Ł†Ł…ŪŒā€ŲŖŁˆŲ§Ł†Ł†ŲÆ ŲÆŲ± Ų§ŪŒŁ† Ś©Ų“ŁˆŲ±Ł‡Ų§ Ł‡ŪŒŚ†ŚÆŁˆŁ†Ł‡ ŲÆŲ§Ų±Ų§ŪŒŪŒ Ų¬ŲÆŪŒŲÆŪŒ ŲØŁ‡ ŲÆŲ³ŲŖ Ų¢ŁˆŲ±Ł†ŲÆ.

Ł…Ų­ŲÆŁˆŲÆŪŒŲŖā€Ł‡Ų§ā€ā€ŪŒ Ł…Ł‡Ų§Ų¬Ų±ŲŖŪŒ ŁŁ‚Ų· Ų“Ų§Ł…Ł„ Ų­Ų§Ł„ Ų§ŁŲ±Ų§ŲÆ ŲŖŲ­Ų±ŪŒŁ… Ų“ŲÆŁ‡ Ł…ŪŒā€ŚÆŲ±ŲÆŲÆ Ł†Ł‡ Ł†Ł‡Ų§ŲÆŁ‡Ų§ ŪŒŲ§ Ų§Ų¹Ų¶Ų§ŪŒ Ł†Ł‡Ų§ŲÆŁ‡Ų§ŪŒ ŲŖŲ­Ų±ŪŒŁ… Ų“ŲÆŁ‡ŲŒ Ų²ŪŒŲ±Ų§ Ų§ŪŒŁ† Ų§ŁŲ±Ų§ŲÆ ŲØŲ§ŪŒŲÆ Ł‡Ų± ŪŒŚ© ŲØŁ‡ ŲŖŁ†Ł‡Ų§ŪŒŪŒ ŲŖŲ­Ų±ŪŒŁ… Ų“ŲÆŁ‡ ŲØŲ§Ų“Ł†ŲÆ ŲŖŲ§ Ų§ŪŒŁ† Ł…Ų¬Ų§Ų²Ų§ŲŖā€Ł‡Ų§ā€ā€ Ų“Ų§Ł…Ł„ Ų­Ų§Ł„ Ų¢Ł†Ł‡Ų§ ŚÆŲ±ŲÆŲÆ. Ų§Ų³Ų§Ų³Ų§Ł‹ Ų§ŪŒŁ† Ł…Ų­ŲÆŁˆŲÆŪŒŲŖā€Ł‡Ų§ā€ā€ ŲØŁ‡ Ł…Ų¹Ł†Ų§ŪŒ Ł…Ł…Ł†ŁˆŲ¹ŪŒŲŖ Ų³ŁŲ± Ł…ŪŒā€ŲØŲ§Ų“ŲÆ. Ų§ŁŲ±Ų§ŲÆ ŲŖŲ­Ų±ŪŒŁ… Ų“ŲÆŁ‡ Ł†Ł…ŪŒā€ŲŖŁˆŲ§Ł†Ł†ŲÆ ŲØŁ‡ Ł‚Ł„Ł…Ų±ŁˆŪŒ Ł‚Ų¶Ų§ŪŒŪŒ Ś©Ų“ŁˆŲ±Ł‡Ų§ŪŒŪŒ Ś©Ł‡ Ų¢Ł†Ł‡Ų§ Ų±Ų§ ŲŖŲ­Ų±ŪŒŁ… Ś©Ų±ŲÆŁ‡ā€ā€Ų§Ł†ŲÆ ā€ā€Ų³ŁŲ± Ś©Ł†Ł†ŲÆŲŒ Ų­ŲŖŪŒ Ų§ŚÆŲ± ŲØŲ®ŁˆŲ§Ł‡Ł†ŲÆ ŲØŁ‡ ŲµŁˆŲ±ŲŖ ŲŖŲ±Ų§Ł†Ų²ŪŒŲŖ Ų§Ų² Ų¢Ł† Ś©Ų“ŁˆŲ±Ł‡Ų§ Ų¹ŲØŁˆŲ± Ś©Ł†Ł†ŲÆ. Ų§ŚÆŲ± Ų§ŪŒŁ† Ų§ŁŲ±Ų§ŲÆ Ų§Ų² Ł¾ŪŒŲ“ Ł†ŁˆŲ¹ŪŒ Ų§Ų¬Ų§Ų²Ū€ Ų­Ų¶ŁˆŲ± ŲÆŲ± Ų¢Ł† Ś©Ų“ŁˆŲ± Ų±Ų§ ŲÆŲ§Ų“ŲŖŁ‡ ŲØŲ§Ų“Ł†ŲÆŲŒ Ų§ŪŒŁ† Ų§Ų¬Ų§Ų²Ł‡ Ł„ŲŗŁˆ Ł…ŪŒā€Ų“ŁˆŲÆ. Ų§ŪŒŁ† Ł…Ų­ŲÆŁˆŲÆŪŒŲŖ Ų“Ų§Ł…Ł„ Ų­Ų§Ł„ Ų“Ų±Ś©ŲŖ Ł¾Ų±Ų¢ŁˆŲ± Ł¾Ų§Ų±Ų³ŲŒ Ų³Ų§Ų²Ł…Ų§Ł† ŲŖŲ­Ł‚ŪŒŁ‚Ų§ŲŖ Łˆ Ų¬Ł‡Ų§ŲÆ Ų®ŁˆŲÆŚ©ŁŲ§ŪŒŪŒ Ų³Ł¾Ų§Ł‡ŲŒ ŪŒŲ§ Ų³Ų§Ų²Ł…Ų§Ł† Ų¬Ł‡Ų§ŲÆ Ų®ŁˆŲÆŚ©ŁŲ§ŪŒŪŒ Ł†ŪŒŲ±ŁˆŪŒ Ł‡ŁˆŲ§ŁŲ¶Ų§ŪŒ Ų³Ł¾Ų§Ł‡ Ł¾Ų§Ų³ŲÆŲ§Ų±Ų§Ł† Ł†Ł…ŪŒā€Ų“ŁˆŲÆŲŒ Ų²ŪŒŲ±Ų§ Ų¢Ł†Ł‡Ų§ Ł…Ų¤Ų³Ų³Ł‡ Ł‡Ų³ŲŖŁ†ŲÆ Łˆ ŲŖŁ†Ł‡Ų§ Ų§Ų¹Ų¶Ų§ŪŒŪŒ Ś©Ł‡ Ų®ŁˆŲÆ Ų“Ų®ŲµŲ§Ł‹ ŲŖŲ­Ų±ŪŒŁ… Ų“ŲÆŁ‡ ŲØŲ§Ų“Ł†ŲÆŲŒ Ų“Ų§Ł…Ł„ Ų§ŪŒŁ†ŚÆŁˆŁ†Ł‡ Ł…Ų­ŲÆŁˆŲÆŪŒŲŖā€Ł‡Ų§ā€ā€ Ł…ŪŒā€ŚÆŲ±ŲÆŁ†ŲÆ.

ŚÆŲ§Ł…ā€Ł‡Ų§ā€ā€ŪŒ ŲØŲ¹ŲÆŪŒ Ś†Ł‡ Ų®ŁˆŲ§Ł‡Ł†ŲÆ ŲØŁˆŲÆŲŸ

Ų§Ų² Ų¬Ł‡ŲŖ Ų§Ł‚ŲÆŲ§Ł…Ų§ŲŖŪŒ Ś©Ł‡ ŲÆŲ± Ś©ŁˆŲŖŲ§Ł‡ Ł…ŲÆŲŖ ŲØŲ§ŪŒŲÆ Ų§Ł†Ų¬Ų§Ł… Ų“ŁˆŲÆŲŒ Ų§ŪŒŲ§Ł„Ų§ŲŖ Ł…ŲŖŲ­ŲÆŁ‡ŲŒ ŲØŲ±ŪŒŲŖŲ§Ł†ŪŒŲ§ŲŒ Ų§ŲŖŲ­Ų§ŲÆŪŒŪ€ Ų§Ų±ŁˆŁ¾Ų§ŲŒ Ś©Ų§Ł†Ų§ŲÆŲ§ Łˆ Ų§Ų³ŲŖŲ±Ų§Ł„ŪŒŲ§ ŲØŲ§ŪŒŲÆ Ł‡Ų± ŪŒŚ© Ų§Ų² Ų§ŪŒŁ† Ų§ŁŲ±Ų§ŲÆ Łˆ Ł†Ł‡Ų§ŲÆŁ‡Ų§ŪŒŪŒ Ś©Ł‡ Ł‡Ł†ŁˆŲ² ŲŖŲ­Ų±ŪŒŁ… Ł†Ś©Ų±ŲÆŁ‡ā€ā€Ų§Ł†ŲÆ ā€ā€Ų±Ų§ ŲÆŲ± ŁŁ‡Ų±Ų³ŲŖ ŲŖŲ­Ų±ŪŒŁ… Ų“ŲÆŚÆŲ§Ł† Ł‚Ų±Ų§Ų± ŲÆŁ‡Ł†ŲÆ. Ł…Ų¤Ų³Ų³Ų§ŲŖ Ł…Ų§Ł„ŪŒ ŲŗŲ§Ł„ŲØŲ§Ł‹ ŲŖŲ­Ų±ŪŒŁ…ā€Ł‡Ų§ā€ā€ŪŒŪŒ Ś©Ł‡ ŲÆŲ± Ų­ŁˆŲ²Ł‡ā€Ł‡Ų§ā€ā€ŪŒ Ł‚Ų¶Ų§ŪŒŪŒ ŲÆŪŒŚÆŲ± Ų§Ł†Ų¬Ų§Ł… Ų“ŲÆŁ‡ Ų±Ų§ Ų±Ų¹Ų§ŪŒŲŖ Ł…ŪŒā€ā€Ś©Ł†Ł†ŲÆ (Ł…Ų«Ł„Ų§Ł‹ ŲØŲ§Ł†Ś©ā€Ł‡Ų§ā€ā€ŪŒ Ś©Ų§Ų±ŚÆŲ²Ų§Ų± ŲÆŲ± Ų§ŪŒŲ§Ł„Ų§ŲŖ Ł…ŲŖŲ­ŲÆŁ‡ Ų§Ų­ŲŖŁ…Ų§Ł„Ų§Ł‹ Ų§Ų² Ų§Ł†Ų¬Ų§Ł… Ł…Ų¹Ų§Ł…Ł„Ų§ŲŖ ŲØŲ§ Ų§ŁŲ±Ų§ŲÆŪŒ Ś©Ł‡ ŲŖŁˆŲ³Ų· ŲØŲ±ŪŒŲŖŲ§Ł†ŪŒŲ§ ŲŖŲ­Ų±ŪŒŁ… Ų“ŲÆŁ‡ā€ā€Ų§Ł†ŲÆŲŒ ā€ā€Ų§Ł…ŲŖŁ†Ų§Ų¹ Ł…ŪŒā€ā€ŁˆŲ±Ų²Ł†ŲÆ). Ų§Ł…Ų§ ŲØŲ§ Ų§ŪŒŁ† ŁˆŲ¬ŁˆŲÆŲŒ Ł‡ŲÆŁŁ Ų­ŁˆŲ²Ł‡ā€Ł‡Ų§ā€ā€ŪŒ Ł‚Ų¶Ų§ŪŒŪŒ Ł‡Ł†ŁˆŲ² Ł‡Ł… ŲØŲ§ŪŒŲÆ Ł‡Ł…Ś©Ų§Ų±ŪŒā€Ł‡Ų§ā€ā€ŪŒ Ś†Ł†ŲÆŲ¬Ų§Ł†ŲØŁ‡ ŲØŲ§Ų“ŲÆ ŲŖŲ§ ŪŒŚ© Ų§Ų³Ų§Ų³ Ł‚Ų§Ł†ŁˆŁ†ŪŒ Ł…Ų­Ś©Ł… Łˆ Ų§Ų³ŲŖŁˆŲ§Ų± ŲØŲ±Ų§ŪŒ Ų±Ų¹Ų§ŪŒŲŖ Ų§ŪŒŁ† ŲŖŲ­Ų±ŪŒŁ…ā€Ł‡Ų§ā€ā€ ŲÆŲ± Ų®Ų§Ų±Ų¬ Ų§Ų² Ł…Ų±Ų²Ł‡Ų§ ŲØŁ‡ ŁˆŲ¬ŁˆŲÆ Ų¢ŁˆŲ±ŲÆ Łˆ Ł†Ų“Ų§Ł† ŲÆŁ‡ŲÆ Ś©Ł‡ ŁŲ¹Ų§Ł„ŪŒŲŖā€Ł‡Ų§ā€ā€ŪŒ Ų§ŪŒŲ±Ų§Ł† ŲÆŲ± Ų³Ų·Ų­ ŚÆŲ³ŲŖŲ±ŲÆŁ‡ā€Ų§ŪŒ Ł…Ų­Ś©ŁˆŁ… Ų“ŲÆŁ‡ Ų§Ų³ŲŖ. Ų¢Ł†Ł‡Ų§ Ł‡Ł…Ś†Ł†ŪŒŁ† ŲØŲ§ŪŒŲÆ Ų§Ų² Ś©Ų“ŁˆŲ±Ł‡Ų§ŪŒ ŲÆŪŒŚÆŲ±ŲŒ ŲØŁ‡ ŁˆŪŒŚ˜Ł‡ Ś©Ų“ŁˆŲ±Ł‡Ų§ŪŒŪŒ Ś©Ł‡ Ł…Ų¹Ł„ŁˆŁ… Ų“ŲÆŁ‡ Ų§Ų³ŲŖ Ł†Ų§Ł‚Ų¶ŪŒŁ† Ų­Ł‚ŁˆŁ‚ ŲØŲ“Ų± Ų±Ų§ ŲÆŲ± Ų§Ų±ŲŖŚ©Ų§ŲØ Ś†Ł†ŪŒŁ† Ų§Ų¹Ł…Ų§Ł„ŪŒ Ł…ŁˆŲ±ŲÆ Ų­Ł…Ų§ŪŒŲŖ Ł‚Ų±Ų§Ų± Ł…ŪŒā€ā€ŲÆŁ‡Ł†ŲÆŲŒ Ł…ŲµŲ±Ų§Ł†Ł‡ ŲÆŲ±Ų®ŁˆŲ§Ų³ŲŖ Ś©Ł†Ł†ŲÆ ŲŖŲ§ Ų³ŪŒŲ³ŲŖŁ…ā€Ł‡Ų§ā€ā€ŪŒŪŒ ŲÆŲ± Ų±Ų§Ų³ŲŖŲ§ŪŒ ŲŖŲ­Ų±ŪŒŁ… Ł‡ŲÆŁŁ…Ł†ŲÆ Łˆ Ų“Ł†Ų§Ų³Ų§ŪŒŪŒ Łˆ ŲŖŲ­Ų±ŪŒŁ… Ł…Ų¬Ų±Ł…ŪŒŁ† Ų§ŲŖŲ®Ų§Ų° Ł†Ł…Ų§ŪŒŁ†ŲÆ. Ų¹Ł„Ų§ŁˆŁ‡ ŲØŲ± Ų¢Ł†ŲŒ ŲŖŁ…Ų§Ł… Ų­ŁˆŲ²Ł‡ā€Ł‡Ų§ā€ā€ŪŒ Ł‚Ų¶Ų§ŪŒŪŒ ŲØŲ§ŪŒŲÆ ŲØŁ‡ Ų·ŁˆŲ± Ł…ŲÆŲ§ŁˆŁ… Ų³ŁˆŲ§ŲØŁ‚ŪŒ Ų§Ų² Ų§Ł‚ŲÆŲ§Ł…Ų§ŲŖ Ų§ŪŒŲ±Ų§Ł† ŲÆŲ± Ł…ŁˆŲ±ŲÆ ŲŖŁˆŲ³Ų¹Ł‡ Łˆ ŁŲ±ŁˆŲ“ ŲŖŲ³Ł„ŪŒŲ­Ų§ŲŖ ŲŖŁ‡ŪŒŁ‡ Ś©Ų±ŲÆŁ‡ Łˆ ŁŁˆŲ±Ų§Ł‹ Ł†Ł‡Ų§ŲÆŁ‡Ų§ Łˆ Ų§Ų“Ų®Ų§ŲµŪŒ Ś©Ł‡ ŲÆŲ± Ų§ŪŒŁ† Ų§Ł‚ŲÆŲ§Ł…Ų§ŲŖ ŲÆŲ³ŲŖ ŲÆŲ§Ų±Ł†ŲÆ Ų±Ų§ ŲŖŲ­Ų±ŪŒŁ… Ł†Ł…Ų§ŪŒŁ†ŲÆ ŲŖŲ§ Ų§ŪŒŁ† ŲµŁ†Ų¹ŲŖ Ł‡Ų± Ś†Ł‡ ŲØŪŒŲ“ŲŖŲ± Ł…Ų­ŲÆŁˆŲÆ Ų“ŁˆŲÆ.

Ł¾Ų³ Ų§Ų² ŲµŲÆŁˆŲ± Ł‡Ų± ŲŖŲ­Ų±ŪŒŁ…ŪŒŲŒ ŲŖŁ…Ų§Ł… Ų­ŁˆŲ²Ł‡ā€Ł‡Ų§ā€ā€ŪŒ Ł‚Ų¶Ų§ŪŒŪŒ ŲØŲ§ŪŒŲÆ ŲØŁ‡ ŲÆŁ‚ŲŖ ŲØŲ±Ų±Ų³ŪŒ Ł†Ł…Ų§ŪŒŁ†ŲÆ Ś©Ł‡ Ų¢ŪŒŲ§ Ų§ŁŲ±Ų§ŲÆ Łˆ Ł†Ł‡Ų§ŲÆŁ‡Ų§ŪŒ ŲŖŲ­Ų±ŪŒŁ… Ų“ŲÆŁ‡ŲŒ ŲØŁ‡ ŁˆŪŒŚ˜Ł‡ Ł…Ų¤Ų³Ų³Ų§ŲŖ ŲŖŲ¬Ų§Ų±ŪŒ Ų¢Ł†Ł‡Ų§ ŲÆŲ± Ų­ŁˆŲ²Ł‡ā€Ł‡Ų§ā€ā€ŪŒ Ł‚Ų¶Ų§ŪŒŪŒ Ų§ŪŒŁ† Ś©Ų“ŁˆŲ±Ł‡Ų§ ŲÆŲ§Ų±Ų§ŪŒŪŒā€Ł‡Ų§ā€ā€ŪŒŪŒ ŲÆŲ§Ų±Ł†ŲÆ ŪŒŲ§ Ų®ŪŒŲ±ŲŒ Łˆ Ų³Ł¾Ų³ ŲØŲ± Ų·ŲØŁ‚ Ł…Ł‚Ų±Ų±Ų§ŲŖ Ł…Ų±ŲØŁˆŲ·Ł‡ Ś†Ł†ŪŒŁ† ŲÆŲ§Ų±Ų§ŪŒŪŒā€Ł‡Ų§ā€ā€ŪŒŪŒ Ų±Ų§ Ł…Ų³ŲÆŁˆŲÆ Ł†Ł…Ų§ŪŒŁ†ŲÆ. ŲØŲ®ŲµŁˆŲµ Ų§ŚÆŲ± ŲÆŲ§Ų±Ų§ŪŒŪŒā€Ł‡Ų§ā€ā€ŪŒŪŒ Ł…ŁˆŲ¬ŁˆŲÆ ŲØŲ§Ų“Ł†ŲÆ Ł…Ł‚Ų§Ł…Ų§ŲŖ ŲØŲ§ŪŒŲÆ ŲÆŲ± Ų§Ų¬Ų±Ų§ŪŒ Ł‚ŁˆŲ§Ł†ŪŒŁ† Ų§ŁˆŁ„ŁˆŪŒŲŖ Ł‚Ų§Ų¦Ł„ Ų“ŁˆŁ†ŲÆ (ŪŒŲ¹Ł†ŪŒ Ų§Ų·Ł…ŪŒŁ†Ų§Ł† Ų­Ų§ŲµŁ„ Ł†Ł…Ų§ŪŒŁ†ŲÆ Ś©Ł‡ Ł…Ų¬Ų±Ł…ŪŒŁ†Ł ŲŖŲ­Ų±ŪŒŁ… Ų“ŲÆŁ‡ Ł†ŲŖŁˆŲ§Ł†Ł†ŲÆ ŲØŁ‡ Ų¢Ł† ŲÆŲ§Ų±Ų§ŪŒŪŒā€Ł‡Ų§ā€ā€ ŲÆŲ³ŲŖŲ±Ų³ŪŒ ŲÆŲ§Ų“ŲŖŁ‡ ŲØŲ§Ų“Ł†ŲÆ) Łˆ ŲÆŲ± Ų¬Ł‡ŲŖ Ł¾ŪŒŲ“ŚÆŪŒŲ±ŪŒ Ų§Ų² ŲÆŁˆŲ± Ų²ŲÆŁ† ŲŖŲ­Ų±ŪŒŁ…ā€Ł‡Ų§ā€ā€ ŲŖŁ„Ų§Ų“ Ł†Ł…Ų§ŪŒŁ†ŲÆ.

Ł†Ł‡Ų§ŪŒŲŖŲ§Ł‹ Ų§ŪŒŲ§Ł„Ų§ŲŖ Ł…ŲŖŲ­ŲÆŁ‡ŲŒ ŲØŲ±ŪŒŲŖŲ§Ł†ŪŒŲ§ŲŒ Ų§ŲŖŲ­Ų§ŲÆŪŒŪ€ Ų§Ų±ŁˆŁ¾Ų§ŲŒ Ś©Ų§Ł†Ų§ŲÆŲ§ Łˆ Ų§Ų³ŲŖŲ±Ų§Ł„ŪŒŲ§ ŲØŲ§ŪŒŲÆ ŲÆŪŒŚÆŲ± Ų±Ų§Ł‡ā€Ł‡Ų§ā€ā€ŪŒ Ł‚Ų§Ł†ŁˆŁ†ŪŒ Ł…Ł†Ų§Ų³ŲØ Łˆ Ł…ŁˆŲ¬ŁˆŲÆ Ų±Ų§ Ł†ŪŒŲ² ŲÆŁ†ŲØŲ§Ł„ Ł†Ł…Ų§ŪŒŁ†ŲÆ. Ł…Ų«Ł„Ų§Ł‹ Ų¢Ł†Ł‡Ų§ Ł…ŪŒā€ā€ŲŖŁˆŲ§Ł†Ł†ŲÆ Ų§Ų·Ł„Ų§Ų¹Ų§ŲŖ Ł…Ų±ŲØŁˆŲ·Ł‡ Ų±Ų§ ŲÆŲ± Ų§Ų®ŲŖŪŒŲ§Ų± Ų³Ų§Ų²Ł…Ų§Ł†ā€Ł‡Ų§ā€ā€ŪŒŪŒ Ų§Ų² Ł‚ŲØŪŒŁ„ Ų§ŪŒŁ†ŲŖŲ±Ł¾Ł„ŲŒ ŪŒŁˆŲ±ŁˆŁ¾Ł„ŲŒ ŪŒŁˆŲ±ŁˆŲ¬Ų§Ų³ŲŖ Łˆ Ł‡Ł…Ś†Ł†ŪŒŁ† ŲØŲ±Ų§ŪŒ Ś©Ų“ŁˆŲ±Ł‡Ų§ŪŒ Ų¹Ų¶Łˆ Łˆ Ų¢Ł†Ł‡Ų§ŪŒŪŒ Ś©Ł‡ Ų“ŁˆŲ§Ł‡ŲÆ Łˆ Ł…ŲÆŲ§Ų±Ś© ŲØŲ±Ų§ŪŒ ŲŖŲ­Ł‚ŪŒŁ‚Ų§ŲŖ ŲŖŁ‡ŪŒŁ‡ Ł…ŪŒā€ā€Ś©Ł†Ł†ŲÆŲ› ŲÆŲ§ŲÆŚÆŲ§Ł‡ Ų¬Ł†Ų§ŪŒŪŒ ā€ā€ŲØŪŒŁ†ā€Ų§Ł„Ł…Ł„Ł„ŪŒā€ā€ Ł‚Ų±Ų§Ų± ŲÆŁ‡Ł†ŲÆ.

Ų³Ł„Ų³ŲŖ Ś©Ų§Ł…ŪŒŁˆŲŖŪŒŚ© (Celeste Kmiotek) Ų§Ų² Ų­Ł‚ŁˆŁ‚ŲÆŲ§Ł†Ų§Ł† Ų“Ų§ŲŗŁ„ ŲÆŲ± Ł¾Ų±ŁˆŚ˜Ł‡ Ų§Ł‚ŲÆŲ§Ł…Ų§ŲŖ Ł‚Ų¶Ų§ŪŒŪŒ Ų§Ų³ŲŖŲ±Ų§ŲŖŚ˜ŪŒŚ© ŲÆŲ± Ų“ŁˆŲ±Ų§ŪŒ Ų¢ŲŖŁ„Ų§Ł†ŪŒŚ© Ų§Ų³ŲŖ.

Ł„Ų³Ų§Ł†ŲÆŲ±Ų§ Ł†ŁˆŁˆŁ (Lisandra Novo) Ų§Ų² Ų­Ł‚ŁˆŁ‚ŲÆŲ§Ł†Ų§Ł† Ų“Ų§ŲŗŁ„ ŲÆŲ± Ł¾Ų±ŁˆŚ˜Ł‡ Ų§Ł‚ŲÆŲ§Ł…Ų§ŲŖ Ł‚Ų¶Ų§ŪŒŪŒ Ų§Ų³ŲŖŲ±Ų§ŲŖŚ˜ŪŒŚ© ŲÆŲ± Ų“ŁˆŲ±Ų§ŪŒ Ų¢ŲŖŁ„Ų§Ł†ŪŒŚ© Ų§Ų³ŲŖ.

Targeted human rights sanctions are, in short, a tool governments use to freeze the assets of and deny visas to those complicit in human rights violations. While they are generally intended to prompt offenders to change their behavior, they have additional effects. For example, preventing perpetrators from obtaining the tools needed to continue abuses and showing support for victims. However, the Atlantic Councilā€™s Strategic Litigation Project (SLP) has heard from multiple sources that many people in affected communitiesā€”including the Iranian communityā€”do not have sufficient information, especially in their native language, about these measures and what they mean.

Based on this feedback, this blog series was started to highlight important information about targeted human rights sanctions as they relate to the Islamic Republic of Iran; major updates on Iranian perpetrators who have been sanctioned for human rights abuses and why; and any other information that may be relevant to affected communities. Input is welcomed from readers, particularly in Iranian civil society, for questions and topics that should be addressed.

On August 8, the United Kingdom (UK) and Canada designated Iranian officials, businesspeople, and entities under targeted sanctions frameworks for the provision of military supplies to Russia and Iranian security forces.

Background

Iranian protesters rallied behind Ukraine during the nationwide protest that began in mid-September 2022 after Mahsa Jina Amniā€™s arrest and death. However, since Russia launched its full-scale invasion of Ukraine in February 2022, Ukraine and its allies have confirmed that the Islamic Republic of Iran (IRI) has been providing Russia with military equipment, particularly drones. The IRI has repeatedly denied these claims and has only admitted that it supplied such equipment before the full-scale invasion began.

Investigations have confirmed that the IRI has supplied drones to Russia as late as 2023. Further, the IRI sent drone trainers to Crimea in October 2022 and is now reportedly ā€œhelpingā€ Russia, and potentially Belarus, build domestic drone factories. It has been shown that private companies have provided drones and “weapons and military components” sent to Russia, in addition to having supplied the IRI government forces with military equipment used to repress protests in Iran.

What the sanctions designations say

Under the Special Economic Measures (Iran) Regulations, Canada designated seven individuals who were ā€œinvolved in activities that gravely threaten international peace and security.ā€ The designations focused on ā€œsenior Iranian officials involved in entities that supply materials to Iranā€™s repressive national Law Enforcement Command [and] individuals who occupy senior positions in state-directed firms that produce lethal combat drones used by Iranā€™s armed forces to destabilize the region or that are exported to Russia for use in its illegal war against Ukraine.ā€ These include:

  • Ali Akbar Ahmadian, secretary of Iranā€™s Supreme National Security Council
  • Brigadier General Abdolkarim Bani Tarafi, chairman of the Iran Aviation Industry Organization
  • Two members of Imen Sanat Zaman Faraā€™s board of directors
  • Three members of Quds Aviation Industriesā€™ board of directors

The United States (US), European Union (EU), UK, and Australia have all designated Ahmadian, but none have designated Tarafi. The US, EU, Australia, and Canada have designated Quds Aviation Industries as an entity, and the UK designated its parent company, Iranian Aviation Industries Organization. Only the US, EU, and Canada had designated Imen Sanat Zaman Fara as an entity. No other jurisdiction has designated the same two members of Imen Sanat Zaman Faraā€™s board of directors as Canada, though the US, UK, and Australia designated the same three members of Quds Aviation Industriesā€™ board of directors.

Under the Russia (Sanctions) (EU Exit) Regulations 2019, the UK designated eight individuals and three entities who are Iranian or linked to Iran, all of whom are involved in ā€œdestabilising Ukraine or undermining or threatening the territorial integrity, sovereignty or independence of Ukraine.ā€ These include:

  • The Paravar Pars Company and seven of its associates for ā€œproviding or making available technology that could contribute toā€ the destabilization.
  • Two units within the Islamic Revolutionary Guards Corp (IRGC)ā€”the Research and Self-Sufficiency Jihad Organization (IRGC-SSJO) and the Aerospace Force Self Sufficiency Jihad Organization (IRGC-ASF SSJO)ā€”for ā€œproviding or making available technology that could contribute toā€ the destabilization.
  • Brigadier General Ali Reza Balali of the IRGC Aerospace Force for involvement in the destabilization.

Paravar Pars and all seven associates were already designated in the US, EU, Canada, and Australia, with only two exceptions (Shamsabadi and Valagohar do not appear to have been designated by Canada). The IRGC-SSJO has been designated by the US, EU, and Australia, as well as by New Zealand and Switzerland. The IRGC-ASF SSJO has been designated by the US. Balali has been sanctioned in the EU and Switzerland for training Russian forces in Iran in using Iranian drones.

Why these designations are important

While these designations include government officials, they have a broader scope, incorporating others on the supply chain: namely, manufacturers of military equipment. This is particularly importantā€”especially given the strong multilateral component of these designationsā€”because such manufacturers in one country are often reliantā€”at least in some measureā€”on parts made in other countries. For example, Iranian drones found in Ukraine have included parts from China, the US, and elsewhere. Targeted sanctions help constrain these companies, preventing them from receiving these partsā€”or, at least, slowing and complicating the process while increasing the price.

Further, the US has interpreted targeted sanctions regulations to prohibit any transaction involving the US dollar. Because the dollar is often used in currency exchanges as an intermediaryā€”for example, Iranian rials may first be converted to US dollars before then being converted to Russian rublesā€”this means that US designations are particularly effective at blocking business transactions.

Additionally, focusing on the extraterritorial actions of the IRI signals support for victims of drones and other equipment used in Ukraine while indicating a strong response against any country providing such resources to Russia.

What do the designations mean in practice?

Canada and UK sanctions regimes impose similar penalties on sanctioned people and entities. These penalties include asset freezes and immigration restrictions. But what do these restrictions entail? An asset freeze means monetary assets like bank accounts and non-monetary assets like property cannot be made available to the designated person or entity directly or indirectly, like through a third party (such as a business associate or family member). There are certain exceptions to this, like allowing access to funds necessary to cover basic needs (food, water, shelter, etc.). Additionally, Canadian and UK citizens are forbidden from making funds or assets available to their respective designated individuals and entities. This means that if designated individuals and entities have any assets in Canada or the UK, respectively, they cannot access them anymore, nor can they acquire any new assets there.

Immigration restrictions only apply to designated individualsā€”not to entities or to members of a designated entity, as these people would have to be individually sanctioned for penalties to apply to them. Essentially, these restrictions amount to a travel ban. Designated individuals cannot travel to, or even through, if transiting, the jurisdiction that has sanctioned them. If they already had some sort of permission to be in the country, it is revoked. This restriction would not apply to the Paravar Pars Company, the IRGC-SSJO, or the IRGC-AF SJJO, as they are entities, and only individual members that have themselves been designated would be subject to these restrictions.

What steps could come next?

In the immediate term, the US, UK, EU, Canada, and Australia should designate any of these individuals and entities whom they have not yet sanctioned. Financial institutions often abide by designations in other jurisdictions (for example, correspondent banks in the US would likely refuse to conduct transactions with an individual designated in the UK). However, jurisdictions should still push for multilateral coordination in order to provide a sound legal basis for such extraterritorial compliance and to signal widespread condemnation for Iranā€™s activities. They should also urge additional statesā€”especially those known to shelter enablers of human rights violatorsā€”to adopt parallel targeted human rights sanctions regimes and designations. Additionally, all jurisdictions should continue mapping Iranian weapon development and sales, as well as swiftly designate involved entities and persons to further constrain the industry.

After issuing any sanctions, all jurisdictions should take care to check whether the designated individuals and entitiesā€”especially the businessesā€”hold any assets within their jurisdictions and should freeze any such assets accordingly. Especially if there are assets, authorities should prioritize enforcement (i.e. ensuring that the designated perpetrators cannot access them) and work to prevent sanctions evasion.

Finally, the US, UK, EU, Canada, and Australia should also pursue other appropriate legal avenues that become available. For example, they could provide relevant information to bodies such as Interpol, Europol, Eurojust, and, for member states and those providing evidence for investigations, the International Criminal Court.

Celeste Kmiotek is a staff lawyer for the Strategic Litigation Project at the Atlantic Council.

Lisandra Novo is a staff lawyer for the Strategic Litigation Project at the Atlantic Council.

Further reading

Iran and targeted human rights sanctions update: Providing military equipment to Iran security forces and Russia

Wed, Jul 26, 2023

Iran targeted human rights sanctions series: UK designates the Supreme Council of the Cultural Revolution

IranSource By Celeste Kmiotek, Lisandra Novo

The United Kingdom designated the Supreme Council of the Cultural Revolution and its new secretary, Abdol Hossein Khosrow Panah, on July 6.

Human Rights Iran
Iran and targeted human rights sanctions update: Providing military equipment to Iran security forces and Russia

Thu, Aug 17, 2023

The Levinson Act means all Americans must return homeā€”not just citizens

IranSource By Celeste Kmiotek

Shahab Dalili, Afshin Sheikholeslami Vatani, and Jamshid Sharmahd are all considered US nationals under the Levinson Act.

Human Rights Iran
Iran and targeted human rights sanctions update: Providing military equipment to Iran security forces and Russia

Tue, Jul 26, 2022

One Iranian perpetrator gets a life sentence. Another is potentially set free.

IranSource By Celeste Kmiotek

July was bittersweet for human rights lawyers and activists, particularly those working on Iran. On July 14, the Stockholm District Court announced that former Iranian official Hamid Nouri was found guilty of war crimes and mass murder and was sentenced to life in prison.

Human Rights Iran
Europe & Eurasia Financial Sanctions and Economic Coercion Iran Middle East Politics & Diplomacy Russia Ukraine

Image: In photos taken on May 14, 2023, it shows the wreckage of an Iranian-made Shahed drone launched by Russia after it was shot down in Chernihiv Oblast. Russia attacked Ukraine this Saturday (13) from the north and south with 21 Iranian-made Shahed-136/131 drones, of which 17 were shot down by Ukrainian air defense forces, according to Kiev.